try semen is now available commercially. 



Significant advancement has been recently 

 made in the area of pregnancy testing in sheep. 

 Research led to development of techniques to 

 determine fetal numbers in pregnant ewes, a very 

 important development for the sheep industry 

 because twinbearing ewes can now be identified 

 for selection purposes. 



Hutlet. C. V. 1972. A rectal-abdominal palpatation technique 

 for diagnosing pregnancy in the ewe. Jour, of Animal Sci., 

 \S:814-819. 



Hutlet. C. V. 1973. Determining fetal numbers in pregnant 

 ewes. Jour. Animal Sci., .■?6:32.'i-.330. 



Hutlet, C. V. and W. L. Shupe. 1973. Predicting multiple 

 births in sheep by rectal-abdominal palpatation. Proc. Western 

 Section American Soc. of An Sci., 24:237. 



Mengeling, W. L., R. C. Cutlip, R. A. Wilson, J. B. Parks and 

 R. t,. Marshall. 1975. Fetal mummification associated with 

 porcine parvovirus infection. Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc, 

 166:993-995. 



Mengeling, W. I., and R. C. Cutlip. 1976. Reproductive diseas- 

 es experimentally induced by exposing pregnant gilts to por- 

 cine parvovirus. Amer. Jour. Vet. Research, 37: 1393-1400. 



Pursel, V. G. and L. A. Johnson. 1971. Procedure for the 

 preservation of boar spermatozoa by freezing. ARS: 44-227. 



Pursel, V. G. and I.. A. Johnson. 1971. Fertilizing capacity of 

 frozen boar spermatozoa. Jour. Animal Sci., 33:1162 (Ab- 

 stract). 



Discovery of Important Disease-Causing 

 Enteric Viruses in Cattle and Swine 



Utilizing germ-free animals, new viral agents 

 were identified that cause major losses from en- 

 teric disease in cattle and swine. The causative 

 agents have been classified as belonging to the 

 parvo, rota, reo, and corona classes of viruses. 

 Association of the viral agents with the enteric 

 diseases and their classification became feasible 

 through the simultaneous development by the 

 same investigators of new laboratory procedures 

 that utilize fluorescent antibody techniques with 

 the aid of electron and immune-electronmi- 

 croscopy. 



Enteric diseases cause a high proportion of all 

 mortality and morbidity in young calves and pigs. 

 Annual losses in swine are estimated to cost the 

 industry $150,000,000, and calf losses equal nearly 

 10 percent of all calves born. Basic information 

 on these enteric viruses will permit the develop- 

 ment of vaccines and preventative practices 

 which will be of great economic importance to the 

 livestock industry. The interrelations between 

 animal and human disease are shown by studies 

 that indicate that an isolated rotavirus from hu- 

 man infants was capable of causing enteritis in 

 germ-free pigs. The reovirus-like agent has also 



been shown to be ubiquitous in nature causing 

 diarrhea in infants, calves, pigs, monkeys, and 

 mice. 



Bohl, E. H. and L. J. Saif. 1975. Passive immunity in trans- 

 missable gastroenteritis of swine: Immunoglobulin characteris- 

 tics of antibodies in milk after innoculating virus by different 

 routes. Infection and Immunity 11:23. 



Mebus, C. A., R. G. White. E. I,. Stair. M. B. Rhodes and M. 

 J. Twiehaus. 1972. Neonatal calf diarrhea: Results of a field 

 trial using a reo-like virus vaccine. Vet. Med. Small An. Clinic 



67:173. 



Mengeling. W. L.. Porcine parvovirus; Properties and preva- 

 lence of the strain isolated in the LI.S. 1972. Amer. Vet. Res. 

 33:2239-2248. 



Saif, L. J., E. H. Bohl, E. M. Kohler and J. H. Hughes. 1977. 

 Immuneelectronmicroscopy of transmissable gastroenteritis vi- 

 rus and rotavirus of swine. Am. J. Vet. Res. .38:13. 



Sharpee, R. L., C. A. Mebus and E. P. Bass. 1976. Character- 

 ization of a calf diarrheal coronavirus. Am. J. Vet. Res. 

 37:1031. 



Torres- Medina, A., R. G. WyatI, C. A. Mebus, N. R. Under- 

 dahl and A. Z. Kapikian. 1976. Diarrhea caused in gnotobiotic 

 piglets by the reovirus-like agent of human infantile gastroen- 

 teritis. J. of Infect. Dis. 133:22. 



Determination of the Requirements and 

 Interrelationships of Amino Acids for Swine 

 and Poultry 



Requirements for the indispensable amino acids 

 for growth, gestation, and lactation in swine, and 

 for growth and egg production in poultry have 

 been determined. Significant interrelationships 

 between amino acids have been shown to influ- 

 ence quantitative needs. To aid in the application 

 of this knowledge the relative values of the differ- 

 ent commercially available isomers have been es- 

 tablished. 



The protein requirement for all functions in 

 domestic animals is, in reality, the need for the 

 proper quantity and ratio of amino acids. World- 

 wide protein is both the most limiting and expen- 

 sive ingredient as a constituent of animal diets. As 

 knowledge of amino acid requirements is further 

 established, protein intake can be reduced to the 

 level at which only required levels of amino acids 

 are furnished. Such information is having the 

 effect of greatly extending world protein supplies. 



Baker, D. H. N. K. Allen, J. BoomgaardI, G. Graver and H. 

 W. Norton. 1971. Quantitative aspects of D- and L- trypto- 

 phan utilization by the young pig. J. Anim. .Sci. 33:42. 



Featherston, W. R. and G. W. Horn. 1974. Studies on the util- 

 ization of the alpha-hydroxy acid of methionine by chicks fed 

 crystalline amino acid diets. Poul. Sci. 53:680. 



Lewis, A. J. and V. C. Speer. 1975. Threonine requirement of 

 the lactating sow. J. Anim. Sci. 40:892. 



Maruyama, K., A. E. Harper and M. L. Sunde. 1975. Effects 

 of D-, DL- and L- glutamic acid on chicks. J. Nutr. 105:1012. 



AGRICULTURE 



