under a military commanding officer with a civil- 

 ian technical director. DARCOM also selects 

 these top personnel. In either case, the laboratory 

 is staffed chiefly by civilians, with some junior 

 officers working at the bench as scientists or engi- 

 neers and more senior officers occupying adminis- 

 trative positions. 



Program development at DARCOM laboratories 

 is described in the Army's submission for Part I, 

 from which the following sentence is quoted: 



. . . Although guidance is provided f on the re- 

 search program in general terms, responsibility 



for the content of the in-house basic research 



effort has been delegated to each technical 



director of an Army Laboratory and each is 



responsible for the initiation and termination of 



basic research tasks in the laboratory. 



Navy 



Of all the armed services, the Navy has the 

 largest basic research program, estimated at 

 $1I.S.8 million for 1977. with 38 percent intramur- 

 al. Most Navy laboratories (13) report to the 

 Director of Navy Laboratories (DNL) and serve 

 one or more system commands (SYSCOM's). 

 Each has a naval officer in command and a civil- 

 ian technical director, both of whom are chosen 

 by the Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Re- 

 search and Development based on a personal in- 

 terview with the candidate and the advice of the 

 DNL. The laboratory director has a standardized 

 job description that contains two options, one as 

 technical director and another as consultant; the 

 DNL has the authority to switch an incumbent 

 from one of these to the other. Basic research and 

 some applied research are grouped together as 

 "research" in DOD budgets; the remainder of the 

 applied research is called "advanced develop- 

 ment." All Navy research funds are administered 

 by the Chief of Naval Research (CNR), who allo- 

 cates the available funds to the DNL, each 

 SYSCOM. the Naval Research Laboratory 

 (NRL), the Office of Naval Research (ONR). and 

 the Naval Oceanographic Research and Develop- 

 ment Activity (NORDA). The DNL divides his 

 research and advanced development funds among 

 his laboratories on the basis of his evaluation of 

 their performance with their previous year's allo- 

 cation. These funds — about 3 percent of their to- 

 tal budget — enable them to do independent re- 

 search, basic or applied, at the technical direc- 

 tor's discretion. At the end of the year, the direc- 

 tor reports what he did with the funds provided. 

 The SYSCOM's send part or all of their research 

 funds to their laboratories, usually providing some 

 degree of direction. 



NRL operates quite differently. It plans a pro- 

 gram of basic and applied research, for which it 



244 BASIC RESEARCH IN AGENCY LABORATORIES AND FEDERALLY FUNDED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTERS 



gets more research funds than all the rest of the 

 Navy laboratories put together. A higher percen- 

 tage of NRL's research money goes into basic 

 research than is the case for most of the other 

 Navy laboratories. 



The Bureau of Medicine and Surgery (BUMED) 

 operates six laboratories in the United States and 

 two research units overseas. Each is headed by a 

 medical or dental corps officer, as appropriate, 

 and the research staff is roughly half military and 

 half civilian. Nominations for head of a laborato- 

 ry are made by the Naval Medical Research and 

 Development Command of BUMED and are act- 

 ed upon in the Office of the Chief of BUMED. 

 Basic research funds are administered by the 

 Command with guidance from both the CNR and 

 a Science and Technology Objectives Guide from 

 CNO. The objectives are transmitted to the labo- 

 ratories and laboratory staff members prepare 

 proposals in accordance with them. Proposals that 

 survive local review are forwarded to the Com- 

 mand, where decisions are made as to which will 

 be supported. Those basic or applied research 

 proposals that are approved receive research 

 funds for the work. 



The only remaining naval laboratory is NOR- 

 DA, which comes under the Oceanographer of the 

 Navy but actually is run by the CNR under his 

 other hat as Assistant Oceanographer for Ocean 

 Science. The program is prepared internally and 

 sent to Washington for review by the Oceanogra- 

 pher, CNR, and OPNAV, with the CNR provid- 

 ing the research money. The laboratory director is 

 selected by the CNR. 



has 



$82 



large basic 

 million for 



research 



1977. 39 



Air Force 



The Air Force also 

 program, estimated at 



percent of which is intramural. The Air Force 

 operates 14 R&D laboratories/facilities and 4 

 FFRDC's. Twelve of these laboratories are under 

 the Director of Science and Technology (DST), 

 Systems Command, who selects their directors. In 

 general, there is a director and a deputy, one mili- 

 tary and the other civilian, in either order. Both 

 military and civilian scientists or engineers per- 

 form the research, with the majority being civil- 

 ian. The Frank J. Seller Research Laboratory at 

 the Air Force Academy (although one of the 12 un- 

 der DST) is the special province of the Air Force 

 Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR). 



Laboratory programs are prepared by each lab- 

 oratory in consultation with headquarters, head- 

 quarters for basic research being the Director of 

 AFOSR. The laboratories' programs are submit- 

 ted for approval to the Air Force Staff, which, for 

 research money, rules only on total amount. 



