References: 



Kunkel, K. E., Eloranta, E. W. and Weinman. J. A., 1977: 

 "Visualization of Eddies in the Planetary Boundary Layer by 

 Means of Lidar," Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorologi- 

 cal Society (to be published). 



Eloranta. E. W., Kubg, J. M. and Weinman. E. W.. 1975: 

 "Determination of Wind-Speed in the Boundary Layer by Mon- 

 ostatic Lidar." Journal of Applied Meteorology. 14. 1485-1489. 



Current and Future Research 

 Emphasis 



During FY 1977, six critical topics have been 

 designated as Army science and technology areas 

 of emphasis to respond to high-priority Army user 

 needs and to indicate to Army laboratories where 

 research is especially needed. These areas will be 

 emphasized in the Army's research program during 

 the next three years. 



• One ai-ea is millimeter (mm) and submillime- 

 ter (submm) wave radiation, which can pene- 

 trate fogs and battlefield smokes. The Army 

 is seeking new generators, detectors and tun- 

 ing componentry in mm and submm and is 

 studying propagation and factors affecting 

 imaging. 



• In smokes and aerosols, the Army is investi- 

 gating the effective use of smokes to obscure 

 friendly operations while allowing freedom of 

 mobility and targeting capabilities. 



• A more comprehensive compilation and anal- 

 ysis of target and background signatures is 

 required to ensure effectiveness of our guid- 

 ed weapons in smokes, dusts, and inclement 

 weather. 



• Requirements for higher muzzle velocities, 

 longer ranges and higher rates of fire have 

 magnified gun tube wear and erosion prob- 

 lems. The Army is taking steps to assure that 

 wear and erosion research will be responsive 

 to short-and long-term needs. 



• Reliable analytical and predictive techniques 

 are required for improved armor design and 

 development of effective penetrators for 

 armor penetration. This complex problem 

 requires a well-coordinated program in me- 

 chanics and materials sciences. 



• Recent gun charge design problems also high- 

 light the need for a comprehension of the 

 processes of ignition and combustion of gun 

 propellants. These efforts are intended to 

 predict and control the response of propel- 

 lants by evolving models for prediction of 

 ignition and burning rates. 



Program priorities for the next 10-year time peri- 



66 DEFENSE 



od have also been established. Fifteen such 

 "thrust areas" are described below: 



Atmospheric sciences research contributing to the 

 Army smoke program. The use of smokes to ac- 

 complish many apparent military objectives ne- 

 cessitates fundamental research in four atmos- 

 pheric disciplines. First is cloud and aerosol phys- 

 ics, for better understanding of nucleation and 

 growth processes and more complete knowledge 

 on particle size spectra, shape, composition, and 

 distribution. Second is the transmission properties 

 of the natural or manmade atmospheric aerosol, 

 for a detailed understanding of absorption and 

 scattering of electromagnetic signals, particularly 

 in the infrared and optical ranges. Third is remote 

 sensing of atmospheric aerosol and properties 

 necessary to the prediction of transport and dis- 

 semination of aerosols. Fourth is consideration of 

 small-scale atmospheric processes which are de- 

 pendent on interaction of the atmosphere and ter- 

 rain and have an important effect on the life cycle 

 of an aerosol. The importance of integrating these 

 diverse disciplines in an overall smoke program 

 must be stressed. 



Food and ration research. This thrust area, food 

 and ration research, supports the Army Tri-Serv- 

 ice food mission. Subtopics include food micro- 

 biology, irradiation, preservation, postharvest 

 physiology of fruits and vegetables, time-related 

 changes in meat, physiological parameters in food 

 acceptance, and pest control. There are 15 work 

 units currently funded. These range from studies 

 on basic protein structure of storage protein in 

 soybeans, ionizing radiation damage and repair in 

 bacterial spores, and factors in fruit spoilage to 

 new approaches to pest control through use of 

 pheromones and control of genetic factors in in- 

 sects. The work supported will have a large aggre- 

 gate contribution to simplification or reduction of 

 logistic factors in future support of field armies. 



Electrically small, active antennas. The Army 

 has a requirement for shorter, less visible anten- 

 nas on tanks, vehicles, and manpacks. Research 

 in the field of antennas is performed to under- 

 stand basic limitations of antenna radiation char- 

 acteristics when the geometry of the antenna is 

 substantially smaller than the respective wave- 

 length to be radiated. Schemes to incorporate 

 amplifiers into the antenna structure to obtain ac- 

 tive antennas are investigated. Active electronic 

 means are considered to improve band width and 

 efficiency of these antennas. Low-profile, printed 

 circuit antennas are investigated for their potential 

 use as conformal antennas on Army equipment. 

 The ultimate objective for manpack antennas is to 

 enable the operator to communicate in any terrain 

 over distances up to 10 miles without being de- 

 tected. 



