two communities. While it has sometimes been 

 difficult to establish the necessary feedback loops, 

 there is a long history of the transfer of naval re- 

 search to naval operations. Examples include the 

 following: 



• Mathematical progress in developing optimal 

 choices under conditions of budgetary and 

 space constraints was picked up by the Po- 

 laris program and followed through by re- 

 search efforts to the point of creating a for- 

 malism for the onboard spare parts loading of 

 deployed Polaris submarines. 



• Pioneer ONR-supported research in the 

 freezing and thawing of blood led to signifi- 

 cant extensions in Storage capabilities for 

 this vital material. These techniques made 

 possible the use of frozen blood banks in 

 Vietnam and eventually were utilized by civil- 

 ian hospitals. 



• Computer time-sharing, an innovative con- 

 cept initiated with Navy and the Defense 

 Advanced Research Projects Agency (DAR- 

 PA) resources created a worldwide revolu- 

 tion in information-processing methodologies 

 and represented the foundation stone for 

 now-realized Navy and DOD interests in 

 reducing costs and connecting geographically 

 dispersed computational sites. 



Finally, contributing to the widest dissemination 

 of the results of the Navy's research program has 

 been the ONR policy of insisting on open publica- 

 tion and wide distribution of reports by contrac- 

 tors. A welcome, not often recognized, byproduct 

 of the Navy's research program has been its con- 

 tribution to a new generation of scientists; many 

 of the top men in their respective fields today re- 

 ceived Navy support during their graduate educa- 

 tion and as fledgling independent investigators. 



In summary, the Navy research program, coor- 

 dinated by ONR, clearly goes beyond the funding 

 of research for the sake of research. In short, the 

 program: 



• Supports basic research to meet future Navy 

 needs. 



• Analyzes present deficiencies and future 

 needs for translation into research goals. 



• Establishes a channel whereby useful re- 

 search results may be introduced into naval 

 operations. 



• Provides and maintains the necessary staff 

 and administrative machinery to make the 

 process work. 



Organization and Management of 

 Scientific Activities 



The Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, 

 Engineering, and Systems) is responsible for all 

 matters related to research, development, test, 

 and evaluation within the Department of the Navy 

 and for oceanography, ocean engineering, and 

 closely related matters. His office exercises con- 

 trol on all research, development, test, and evalu- 

 ation (RDT&E) funds budgeted to the Navy. The 

 programs are administered by the Office of Naval 

 Research, the Naval Material Systems Com- 

 mands, the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, and 

 the Marine Corps, and are carried out in Govern- 

 ment installations or under contract or grants with 

 private enterprise, universities, and other research 

 institutions. 



The Office of Naval Research is charged with 

 planning, initiating, and conducting a broad pro- 

 gram of basic and applied research. In addition, it 

 conducts research and exploratory development 

 to augment similar work being done by other ele- 

 ments of the Navy. 



The Systems Commands, which report to the 

 Chief of Naval Material, are responsible for tech- 

 nological development, engineering design, and 

 production of ships, planes, weapons, electronics, 

 logistics, and facilities systems. Special research 

 and development projects are headed by project 

 managers who report directly to the Chief of 

 Naval Material and to the various Systems Com- 

 manders. 



The responsibilities of the Bureau of Medicine 

 and Surgery are aviation medicine, fleet health 

 care, fleet occupational health care, human per- 

 formance, dental research, submarine and diving 

 medical research, and infectious diseases. 



The principal role of the Office of Naval Opera- 

 tions in research and development is to advise the 

 Navy Material Command of the Navy's future 

 needs with regard to ships, aircraft, weapons sys- 

 tems, and related support systems. This Office 

 makes the final decision as to the ultimate produc- 

 tion and use of equipment that has resulted from 

 research and development programs. Reporting to 

 the Chief of Naval Operations is the Oceanogra- 

 pher of the Navy, who has the responsibility for 

 coordinating matters of ocean science, ocean en- 

 gineering, and ocean operations. 



The Commandant of the Marine Corps exer- 

 cises responsibilities for determining and planning 

 for the support needs of the Marine Corps and 

 ensures the USMC RDT&E program is respon- 

 sive to those needs. 



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