tions: The Theory of Optimal Stopping," (Hough- 

 ton-Mifflin, 1971), which helped establish a whole 

 new class of statistical tests. 



Fundamental fluid mechanics. In fundamental 

 fluid mechanics, supported by ONR, the work of 

 A. Roshko on large-scale structure in turbulent 

 flow is considered significant.' 



Biomedical. In the biomedical area, the work of 

 Dr. J. Barchas on the role of brain catecholamines 

 in regulation of response to stress won the A. E. 

 Bennet Award of the Society of Biological Psy- 

 chiatry and has provided analytical techniques for 

 rapid replicate analyses in the course of behav- 

 ioral experiments. In the area of body temperature 

 regulatory mechanisms, ONR supported the re- 

 search of Dr. R. Myers, which developed the 

 Myers/Feldberg theory of thermoregulation and 

 elucidated the role of the ratio of calcium to so- 

 dium ions in control of the body's thermal set 

 point. 4 



Current and Future Research 

 Emphasis 



Although the results of research take many 

 forms, specific categories can be delineated: 



• New tangible products, in the sense of new 

 materials or new techniques answering tech- 

 nokigical needs; for example, new rocket 

 fuels. 



• Newly discovered phenomena extending sci- 

 ence and providing technological opportuni- 

 ties. Superconductivity is one example. 



• New understanding as expressed in the form 

 of models and "thinking tools", e.g., con- 

 cepts that provide significant new approaches 

 in solving technological problems. 



The first two categories need no further discus- 

 sion, but the last deals with a more subtle pheno- 

 menon and often is the basis for successful transi- 

 tion from laboratory bench to factory conveyor 

 belt. An early example is the laboratory demon- 

 stration of the need for high-vacuum technology 

 and general cleanliness in producing the exotic 

 refractory metals and alloys which are at the heart 

 of many naval systems. A second example is the 

 development of theories of crystal imperfections 

 which helped physicists conceive and design a 



^One reference of a series is Garry L. Brown and A. Roshko. 

 "On Density Effects and Large Structure in Turbulent Mixing 

 Layers." J. Fluid Mech.Wol. 64. Part 4. p. 775, 1974. A related 

 piece of work Is that of J. T. C. Liu and L. Merkine, reported 

 in Proc. R. Soc. Land. A, Vol. 352, p. 21.1, 1976. 



^"An Integrative Model of Monoamine and Ionic Mechan- 

 isms in the Hypothalamic Control of Body Temperature." 

 Temperature Regulation and Drug Addiction. Editors: J. Lo- 

 max. E. Schonbau. and J. Jacob (Karger, Basel, 1975). 



74 DEFENSE 



number of solid state devices and enabled materi- 

 al scientists to understand and then exploit ob- 

 served real materials properties as opposed to 

 ideal properties. It is under this category that, in 

 the long run, science makes major payoffs. New 

 philosophies of development and application be- 

 come evident, frequently involving new talent and 

 new knowledge. (Textbooks and handbooks are 

 important byproducts). Finally, tremendous impe- 

 tus may be given to one or more branches of sci- 

 ence — for example, the impact of cryogenics on 

 physics, chemistry, and biology. 



When selecting areas for pursuit of naval re- 

 search, the manager has options over a broad 

 spectrum of criteria. At one end of this spectrum 

 is support of research at the frontiers of science, 

 whose coupling to application is likely to occur in 

 the future. At the other end is the research which 

 satisfies an immediate need perceived by the de- 

 velopment and/or operational communities but 

 which is less likely to be at the leading edge of 

 science. The programs sponsored by ONR usually 

 fall in areas nearer the frontiers of science with 

 the longer term payoff, while those programs 

 managed by the Systems Command and other 

 organizations within the Navy Material Command 

 are usually more closely coupled to direct require- 

 ments. Below are presented some selected areas 

 of research that are important from one or both of 

 the above viewpoints. It should be borne in mind 

 that not all disciplines share equally in the range 

 of options at both ends of the research spectrum. 



Oceanography 



The primary thrust in oceanography is to de- 

 scribe the dynamic water motions in the upper 

 ocean, defining their time and space scales so they 

 may be modeled and predicted for antisubmarine 

 warfare (ASW) purposes. To do this, the physical 

 processes must be understood, including their 

 forcing functions, their dissipation phenomena, 

 and their nonlinear interrelations. Under study are 

 such processes as microstructure, intrusions and 

 internal waves on the thermocline, oceanic fronts 

 between differing water masses, energetic western 

 boundary currents and their degradation via 

 meander-type processes to rings and mesoscale 

 eddies. Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies 

 1,(X)0 km in diameter that influence all the North- 

 ern Hemisphere's climatology, and the control of 

 the surface mixed layer by the flux of heat and 

 momentum across the sea surface, particularly for 

 high-wind regimes. Acoustic transmission studies 

 are carried out simultaneously with extensive en- 

 vironmental measurements of these phenomena to 

 accelerate transition of new understanding of 

 them to the design and improved performance of 

 ASW systems of the Navy. These studies will 



