(3) the Hartford, Connecticut, program in crime 

 prevention through environmental design; (4) the 

 Portland, Oregon, antiburglary program; (5) the 

 San Diego field interrogation study; (6) an antibur- 

 glary program in Seattle, Washington; and (7) a 

 police and urban services program in St. Peters- 

 burg, Florida. These studies were selected because 

 they contained three or more of the following char- 

 acteristics: (1) Attitudinal data on crime; (2) behav- 

 ioral response data; (3) community focus; (4) vic- 

 timization data; and (5) longitudinal data. 



The secondary analyses effort will help clarify 

 related work already completed, and will guide the 

 RAP researchers in developing data collection in- 

 struments. A series of papers will be produced on 

 such topics as dimensions of fear, the impact of 

 the community on the individual's perception of 

 crime, the relationship between the level of street 

 traffic and fear of crime, and family composition 

 and fear of crime. 



White collar crime. The Yale research agreement 

 focuses on white collar crime and the regulation 

 and sanctioning of this type of criminal activity. 

 The specific focus is the regulation and social con- 

 trol of white collar crime at the Federal level. The 

 research includes: (1) An analysis of investigations 

 initiated by the Securities and Exchange Commis- 

 sion; (2) a systematic examination of differences in 

 the ways Federal prosecutors prosecute white col- 

 lar crime versus other criminal cases; (3) an inqui- 

 ry into the sentencing of white collar criminals by 

 Federal district court judges; and (4) the impact of 

 the sanctioning process on white collar criminals. 



In addition to this core area of research, Yale 

 has funded a number of individual studies related 

 to corruption and scandal. These include: (1) A 

 study of transnational bribery; (2) an economic 

 analysis of corruption; and (3) an inquiry into mis- 

 conduct in financial institutions. 



The first two years of the program have been 

 devoted to planning and support for small on-going 

 individual research projects, including the three 

 identified above. The planning activities included a 

 state-of-the-art review of white collar crime, which 

 examined critical issues identified by previous re- 

 search. Yale's background work underlined the 

 lack of conceptual development on white collar 

 crime. Researchers have generally tried to group 

 diverse criminal activities into a single category — 

 white collar crime. Most past studies, however, 

 have analyzed a single norm, law, type of business 

 activity, or very homogeneous set of phenomena. 

 Yale is attempting to conduct a series of related 

 studies that will further the conceptual develop- 

 ment of white collar crime rather than merely ana- 

 lyze a single law or activity. 



Future efforts include: (I) Additional investiga- 

 tion of the Federal regulation of white collar 



crime, perhaps focusing on the Internal Revenue 

 Service and a program agency such as the Depart- 

 ment of Health, Education and Welfare; (2) an 

 examination of how Federal agencies refer cases 

 for criminal prosecution; (3) research on the per- 

 ception of white collar crime (vs. other forms of 

 illegality) by the public; and (4) exploratory work 

 on the self-reporting of white collar crime. 



Economic studies in criminal justice. Unlike the 

 foregoing research agreements, which focus on 

 aspects of or response to criminal behavior, the 

 Hoover Institution RAP concentrates on a disci- 

 pline — economics — and its applicability or potential 

 applicability to crime and criminal justice prob- 

 lems. The question to be answered: How can the 

 techniques and methodologies of economics and 

 econometrics be brought to bear on crime and 

 what relationship might these applications have for 

 policy? 



Hoover has established a Center for Economet- 

 ric Studies of Crime and the Criminal Justice Sys- 

 tem. During its first year of operation, the center 

 identified, acquired, and performed secondary 

 analysis of all available data sources that could be 

 useful to its researchers. The center also surveyed, 

 collected, refined, and developed various models 

 that could be applied to criminal justice problems. 



The data are discouraging. At the aggregate level, 

 existing data files — the FBI's Uniform Crime Re- 

 ports, victimization surveys, California statistics, 

 etc. — generally lack the required economic infor- 

 mation. Even where it is available, however, the 

 validity and reliability are questionable. On the 

 individual level, a pilot attempt to collect such data 

 proved extremely costly. Consequently, alterna- 

 tive methods for collecting such data are now 

 being pursued. 



In addition to extending research initiated in the 

 first two years of this effort. Hoover will undertake 

 a study in the drug control area. This work will 

 investigate: (1) The effect of enforcement and 

 treatment activities on the price of drugs; (2) the 

 effect of change in the price of drugs on the con- 

 sumption of drugs; and (3) the effect of changes in 

 the price of drugs on the crime rate. 



In addition to the ongoing research agreements 

 described above, the Institute in 1977 awarded a 

 grant to the Vera Institute of Justice for a major 

 study of the relationship between employment and 

 crime. The researchers will try to determine: 



• Which types of offenders are deterred from 

 crime by employment 



• Which types of jobs are effective in curbing 

 crime 



• Which types of criminal activity are averted 

 or reduced through employment. 



The research will include secondary analysis of 

 existing data bases, cohort studies of groups at 



JUSTICE 145 



