ing. Because insects are highly sensitive and 

 strongly attracted to minute concentrations of 

 pheromones, these materials are especially useful 

 for population survey and offer a unique opportu- 

 nity for safe chemical control without harm to the 

 environment. 



Basic research on identification and synthesis of 

 insect pheromones and rapid development of 

 slow-release formulations and application tech- 

 niques is stimulating the development of these 

 substances for practical use. Pheromones are now 

 available and in operational use for surveys, or 

 are used in research for such major agricultural 

 and forest insect pests as the European pine shoot 

 moth, spruce budworm. Douglas-fir tussock moth, 

 gypsy moth, southern pine beetle, smaller 

 European elm bark beetle, boll weevil, Japanese 

 beetle, tobacco budworm, house fly, mediterra- 

 nean fruit fly, and the peach tree borer. 



Continued development of behavioral chemicals 

 for population assessment and control is complex 

 and dependent upon a broadened base of basic 

 research. 



Bierl. B. A.. M. Beroz;i and C. W. Carlier. 1970. Potent sex 

 attractant of the gypsv moth: Its isolation, identification and 

 synthesis. Science. 170:87-89. 



Bowers. W. S. 1%X. Juvenile hormone: Activity of natural 

 and synthetic synergists. Science. 161:89.'i-897. 



Daterman. G. E., L. J. Peterson. R. G. Robbins. L. L. Sower. 

 G. D. Daves, Jr. and R. G. Smith. 1976. Laboratory and field 

 bioassay of the Douglas-fir tussock moth pheromone. (z)-6- 

 Heneicasen-1 lone. Envir. Entomol, 5: 1 187-1 190. 



Lewis, W. J.. R. L. Jones and A. N. Sparks. 1972. A host 

 seeking stimulant for the egg parasite Tn'chogramma evanes- 

 cent,: Its source and demonstration of its laboratory and field 

 activity. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer.. 6.'i: 1087-1089. 



Lewis, W. J., A. N. Sparks and L. M. Kedlinger. 1971. Moth 

 odor: A method of host finding by Trichogramma evanescens. 

 J. Econ. Entomol. M:.S.S7-.S.<i8. 



Mitchell, E. R., M. Jacobson and A. J. Baumhover. 1975. He- 

 /;o//>;s spp: Disruption of pheromonal communication with (2)- 

 9-lctradecen-l-ol formate. Environ. Entomol. 4:.'i77-579. 



Orr, C. C, J. R. Abernathy and E. B. Hudspeth. 197.5. No- 

 thanguina Phyllohia. a nematode parasite of silver leaf night- 

 shade. Plant Disease Reporter, 59:416-418. 



Peance, G. T. et al. 1975. Chemical attractants in the smaller 

 European elm bark beetle Scolytus mullistriatus (Coleptera: 

 scolytidae). J. Chem. Ecol., 1:115-124. 



Smith. R. G., G. E. Daterman and G. D. Daves, Jr. 1975. 

 Douglas-fir tussock moth: sex pheromone identification and 

 synthesis. Science. l88:6.'!-64. 



Tumlinson. J. H.. D. D. Hardee, R. C. Gueldner, A. C. 

 Thompson. P. A. Hedin and J. P. Minyard. 1969. Sex phero- 

 mone produced by male boll weevil Science, 166:1010-1012. 



Tumlinson, J. H., D. E. Hendricks. E. R. Mitchell. R. E. 

 Doolittle and M. M. Brennan. 1975. Isolation, identification 

 and synthesis of sex pheromones of the tobacco budworm. J. 

 Chem. Ecol., 1:203-214 



20 AGRICULTURE 



Wood. D. L. and W. D. Badard. 1977. The role of phero- 

 mones in the population dynamics of the western pine beetle. 

 Proc. XV International Congress of Entomol. In press. 



General Equilibrium Models 



A model of a national economy was produced 

 in 197.^ that was a significant advance on the 

 model developed by Nobel Prizel winner Wassily 

 Leontief. Leontief's model was shown to be a 

 limiting case of the linearized Walras-Cassel mo- 

 del. The model was reformulated as a quadratic 

 input-output model (QIO). For a 10 percent in- 

 crease in government demand, the QIO model 

 resulted in estimates of price inflation of 1.991 

 percent with a corresponding increase in real final 

 output of only 0. 146 percent with full employment 

 of labor. In an unemployment situation, the rate 

 of price inflation and growth of real final output 

 were 0.783 percent and 1.312 percent respective- 

 ly. For the conventional input-output model, all 

 increased demand was reflected as growth in real 

 final output of 1.972 percent. The new methodolo- 

 gy is compatible with the simultaneous occurrence 

 of increased price inflation and chronic high 

 unemployment. 



Other researchers have modified this work and 

 adapted it to forecasting work in the dairy sector. 

 (One version is now in a computer at Washington, 

 D.C, and another at Pennsylvania State Universi- 

 ty, University Park, Pa.) 



Harrington. David Holman. 197.3. Quadratic Input-Clutpul 

 Analysis: Methodology for Empirical General Equilibrium 

 Models. Lafayette, Ind . Purdue LIniv . Ph D. Thesis. Dec. 

 I97.V 194 pp. 



Spatial Equilibrium Analysis 



There has been growing interest among econo- 

 mists in the explicit treatment of the spatial di- 

 mension of market prices of agricultural products. 

 National aggregates of supply and demand have 

 been refined to reflect the peculiar characteristics 

 of subregions of the country. These regional mea- 

 sures have made it possible to conduct more sen- 

 sitive analyses of alternative policy choices and 

 market conditions than was possible with more 

 highly aggregated relationships. 



A powerful algorithm has been developed for 

 analyzing spatially oriented market systems. It is 

 extremely flexible in accepting demand and supply 

 functions and as a part of a more complex sys- 

 tem. 



Allen. M. B. and A. D. Scale, Jr. I960. An evaluation of the 

 competitive position of the cabbage industry in Mississippi. 

 AEc Tech. Pub. No. 2, Miss. Agr. Exp. Sla.. State College 



Miss. 



King. Richard A. and Foo-Shiung Ho. 1972. Reactive pro- 

 gramming: A market stimulating spatial equilibrium algorithm. 

 HRR No. 21. Department of Economics. N. C. State Llniversi- 

 ly, Raleigh, N. C 



