Fish and Wildlife Service. In 1956, work was di- 

 vided between a Bureau of Commercial Fisheries 

 (since transferred back to Commerce) and a Bu- 

 reau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, since re- 

 named the United States Fish and Wildlife Serv- 

 ice. :!:!2 



In 1928 the Bureau of the Biological Survey 

 had a budget of about $1.0 million; most of this 

 allocation supported research on wild animals and 

 their habitat. ^23 in 1952 the Fish and Wildlife 

 Service of the Department of the Interior had 

 only $469,000 designated for basic research, all in 

 the life sciences. --4 In 1963 the budget was up to 

 $1.5 million, all for research in the biological sci- 

 ences and all intramural except for $402,000, for 

 which the performers were neither profit nor non- 

 profit organizations — presumably State and local 

 governments."? Obligations for basic research in 

 1977 are reported as $10.1 million, of which 

 $150,000 goes to State and local governments, 

 $900,000 to universities and colleges, $250,000 to 

 industry, leaving $8.8 million for intramural re- 

 search. All research supported is done in the life 

 sciences.--^ The Service operates a headquarters 

 in Washington, D. C, 7 regional offices, more 

 than 350 national wildlife refuges, 35 fish and 

 wildlife research stations and laboratories, coop- 

 erative research units at 45 universities, and near- 

 ly 100 fish hatcheries. 



Office of Water Research and Technology 



The Office of Water Research and Technology 

 (OWRT) superseded the Office of Saline Water to 

 carry out that office's functions and also to fulfill 

 the new responsibilities vested in the Secretary by 

 the Water Resources Research Act of 1964. 

 OWRT is responsible for a cooperative Federal- 

 State university program on water resources and 

 for its own research program directed toward 

 solving or mitigating water problems. In 1963, the 

 Office of Saline Water conducted a $2.6 million 

 extramural basic research program, of which $1.4 

 million was spent on research performed by profit 

 organizations, $0.5 million by universities, $0.5 

 million by other nonprofit organizations, and 

 $200,000 by foreign organizations. Of these obli- 

 gations for basic research, $1.2 million were for 

 research in the physical sciences and $1.4 million 

 in engineering sciences. 227 in 1977, OWRT esti- 



-"Ibicl.. pp. 21-27. 



223lbid.. pp. 214-215. 



--^Federal Funds, Vol. II, p. 32. 



--^Federal Funds. Vol. XII. N.SF6.T-/1. pp. 146. 160. 



--'^Federal Funds. Vol. XXVI, N.SF 77-317 Tables C-3{) and 

 C-.34. 



-^''Federal Funds. Vol. XII. NSF6?-I}. pp. 146. 150. 



348 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS AND HISTORICAL TRENDS 



mates $3.5 million for basic research, of which 

 $530,000 is intramural; $395,000 is for research 

 performed by industry, $2.5 million by universi- 

 ties, and $15,000 by State and local govern- 

 ments. 228 



National Park Service 



The remaining component of the Department of 

 the Interior with a significant basic research pro- 

 gram is the National Park Service. The first nation- 

 al park was Yellowstone Park, established in 1872 

 as "a pleasuring ground for the benefit and enjoy- 

 ment of the people." The bill was supported in 

 Congress because of Yellowstone's exotic geologi- 

 cal features. The Department of the Interior was 

 given the responsibility of protecting the the park's 

 wildlife and its geologic treasures, but failed to do 

 so because there was no legislation under which 

 violations could be punished until 1894.22'^ Presi- 

 dent Theodore Roosevelt took action under the 

 Antiquities Act of 1906 to put aside 1.4 million 

 acres as national monuments, but the National 

 Park Service did not come into being as such until 

 1916.230 The act establishing the Service enjoined 

 it to retain the national parks in their natural condi- 

 tion in perpetuity while making them available to 

 the public. 



Assistant Secretary Stephen Mather is credited 

 with the initiative which brought the Service into 

 being, and he became its first director. He was 

 wholly dedicated to the Park Service but he and 

 his early successors seem not to have recognized 

 the need for basic research, which started only 

 after World War II. Since then it has been 1.5 to 

 2 percent of the total budget, although the re- 

 search staff of the Service believes it should be 7 

 to 8 percent. 231 its budgeting process is such that 

 research competes with operations for dollars. 232 

 In 1952, the basic research obligations of the Park 

 Service totaled $371,000— $330,000 supporting 

 research in the social sciences, $30,000 in the life 

 sciences, and $11,000 in the physical sciences. 2-33 

 By 1963, these funds had grown to a total budget 

 of $1.9 million; $1.1 million of this amount was 

 intramural; $329,000 was for research performed 

 by educational institutions, $427,000 by other 

 nonprofit organizations, and $49,000 by State and 

 local governments. Virtually all funds supported 



-^Federal Funds. Vol. XXVI. NSF 77-317, Table C-.30. 



--''Graham, Frank, Man's Dominion (M. Evans and Co.: New 

 York, 1971), pp. 78-8.5. 



-'"Ibid., pp. 128, 173. 



-"Everhart. W.D.. The National Park Service. No. 31 (Prae- 

 ger: New York, 1972); communication from Park Service to 

 N.SB staff, June 1977. 



-'-See Park Service section in Pari I. 



-^^ Federal Funds. Vol. II, p. 32. 



