report of his discovery of cholera in New York, 

 by the statement that the Service had two scientif- 

 ic investigators, Kinyoun and Guiteras, and by 

 presenting Sternberg's testimony that, although he 

 was in the Army, it was the Marine Hospital 

 Service which had arranged for him to be sent to 

 Cuba to study yellow fever.-*) in 1891 Kinyoun's 

 work was officially authorized by Congress; his 

 laboratory was moved from its one room at the 

 hospital to the top floor of the Butler Building in 

 Washington, D.C., and given the title of National 

 Hygienic Laboratory. -41 In 1901, Surgeon General 

 Walter Wyman established a Division of Scientific 

 Research, which included both the National Hy- 

 gienic Laboratory and a newly formed Yellow 

 Fever Institute. In the same year money was ap- 

 propriated for a new laboratory building "for the 

 investigation of infectious and contagious diseas- 

 es, and matters pertaining to public health. "242 The 

 Biologies Control Act of 1902 required the Labo- 

 ratory to develop tests to control the purity and 

 quality of biologic products such as viruses, se- 

 rums, toxins, and antitoxins. The Service then 

 became known as the Public Health and Marine 

 Hospital Service, and a Scientific Advisory Board 

 was mandated. The Laboratory added divisions of 

 chemistry, pathology, zoology, and pharmacology 

 to the original bacteriology division. 



In the 10-year period 1901-1911, Wyman devot- 

 ed his attention to improving medical research in 

 the United States, for he recognized that we were 

 far behind Europe in this respect. -4^ Consequent- 

 ly, this period was very productive for the Public 

 Health and Marine Hospital Service, in 1901 the 

 Service attempted to curtail the threat of bubonic 

 plague by investigating means to control rats (the 

 rat-flea vector was already known). In 1902 it 

 began to work on rocky mountain spotted fever, 

 although a successful human vaccine was not 

 produced until 1924. By 1910, Service investiga- 

 tors identified the organism responsible for tulare- 

 mia, but attempts to control it were still being 

 reported as late as 1926. Also in 1910, the prob- 

 lems of animal brucellosis and its human counter- 

 part, undulant fever, were solved by Dr. Alice 

 Evans; the solution was to pasteurize milk. In the 

 same year, the recognition of anaphylaxis as other 

 than a random event, with the identification of 



-■WFurmun. B., A Profile of the United States Public Health 

 Service. DHRW Put. No. (NIH) 73-269. pp. 194-196. Herein- 

 after referred to as Furman. 



2"! Williams, C. W.. The United States Public Health Service 

 (Whitlel & Shepperson: Richmond, I9.SI), pp. 177-178. Herein- 

 afler referred to as Williams. 



-*-?■] .Stat. I.. 1 137, March 3, 19()1, quoted in Schmeckebier, p. 

 24. 



^^Furman, Chapter II. 



350 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS AND HISTORICAL TRENDS 



horse serum as one agent frequently responsible, 

 appears to have been entirely a Service contribu- 

 tion, and its malaria program led the way in the 

 discovery of Paris-green, diluted with inert mat- 

 ter, as a larvacide to control the Anopheles mos- 

 quito. -44 



PHS— Creation -1912 



In 1912 the agency's name was changed to the 

 Public Health Service. In 1914 Dr. Joseph Gold- 

 berger proved that pellagra was not an infectious 

 disease as previously supposed, but a result of 

 dietary deficiency. -4? During World War 1 an 

 Executive order placed the PHS in the armed 

 services, not by direct transfer but by authorizing 

 the Secretaries of War and Navy to use Service 

 facilities and personnel as necessary. During the 

 war, the PHS was effective in the detection and 

 prevention of disease. In 1917, the Service stand- 

 ardized antityphoid vaccine, manufactured it in 

 large quantities, and sent personnel into the field 

 to administer it. The Service was also able to dis- 

 tribute a vaccine against typhus, a serious war- 

 time disease, after 15 years of research and devel- 

 opment. In one instance it developed a test for 

 anaerobic contamination after finding tetanus con- 

 tamination of smallpox vaccine; in another it iden- 

 tified imported bristles in shaving brushes as the 

 source of anthrax spores when that disease ap- 

 peared mysteriously. The PHS also carried out a 

 major program in venereal disease control, but 

 immediately after the war funds were cut otT and 

 this work was stopped. 246 



When the war was over PHS was given unpre- 

 cedented responsibilities for the veterans, but 

 these lasted for only about 2 years until the Veter- 

 ans Administration was established. Activities of 

 the 1920's included the establishment in 1922 of 

 the Rocky Mountain Laboratory, which played an 

 important part in conducting spotted fever re- 

 search, and extensive efforts throughout the dec- 

 ade in ratproofing and fumigating, especially ships. 



In 1930, the Hygienic Laboratory became the 

 National Institute of Health and moved to the Be- 

 thesda area which it now occupies. Its new char- 

 ter allowed it to accept gifts and to establish fel- 

 lowships. The first fellowship was funded by a 

 $150,000 gift from Francis P. Garvin of the Chem- 

 ical Foundation. 247 The word "Institute" was 

 eventually pluralized after other institutes were 

 added— the National Cancer Institute (NCI) was 

 added in 1930, the National Institute of Mental 

 Health (NIM H) in 1946, the National Dental Insti- 



-•"Williams, pp. 187-189, 190-192. 24.S-246, 305-306. 

 -"■^Dupree, p. 270. 



-•"-Williams, pp. 209, 592 et seq.; Schmeckebier, pp. 47-52. 

 ^•>^Williams. p. 169. 



