54 



Transactions. 



these ponds cover extensive areas of submerged ice lying in position, so 

 that the precise location of the end of the ice is almost impossible. 

 Nevertheless, the observations conclusively prove that there has been a 

 marked retreat of the ice since 1914, and still more since 1909. In this 

 account reference will be made to each of the pegs in turn, and the 

 characteristics of the face in its vicinity recorded as accurately as possible ; 

 and for the purposes of ready comparison all measurements will be recorded 

 in metres. As the general trend of the front of the glacier is approximately 



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 FRANZ JoIeF GLACIER 



Scale of Chains 



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east and west, the line in which measurements were made from the pegs 

 was north and south, unless special reasons occurred for deviating from 

 this direction. It should also be mentioned at this stage that the principal 

 part of the Waiho River now runs from the eastern side of the glacier, and 

 that lying in front of its western edge is a complex of roches moutonnees, 

 evidently the remains of a spur of the pre-glaoial valley, destroyed as 

 described in a paper published elsewhere in this volume (see p. 47). 

 The solid barrier presented by these rocks has no doubt caused the stream 

 to discharge near the eastern side where the lip of the obstruction is lower. 



