CONTENTS 



1 Research in the United States: A Historical Perspective 1 



Introduction 3 



The Building of Institutions 3 



Universities 4 



Government 4 



Industry 4 



Foundations 5 



Independent Research Institutes 6 



The 1920s: Science Seeks Support 6 



The Great Depression: Search for a New System 7 



World War II: De Facto Federalization g 



Postwar Planning: Creating a New System for Science 10 



National Science Foundation 13 



Military Support of Basic Research 13 



The 1960's: A Mature and Prosperous System of Support 15 



Characteristics of the System 15 



Challenges to the System 16 



2 The Inquiry to the Research Community 21 



Sending of the Inquiry Letter 23 



Response to the Inquiry Letter 24 



Analysis of the Response Letters 26 



Results of the Analysis 27 



3 Dependability in Funding for Research 31 



Industry 34 



University 37 



Independent Research Institutes 40 



Federal Intramural Laboratories and FFRDC's 41 



Summary 43 



4 Vitality of the Research System 45 



Research Manpower for the Future 47 

 Opportunities for Young Scientists and Engineers 



Throughout the Research System 50 



Scientific and Technical Personnel Management 53 

 National Policy Questions Regarding Scientific and 



Technical Manpower 54 



Concluding Remarks 55 



