NSWC/WOL TR 76-155 



CONTENTS 



Page 



1 INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY 13 



2 DYNAMICAL MODEL 14 



2 . 1 The Swim Bladder 14 



2.2 Preliminary Calculations of Bladder Oscillation .... 14 



2.3 Current Method for Calculating Bladder 



Oscillation 14 



3 CORRELATIONS WITH EXPERIMENTAL DATA 2 3 



3.1 Summary of Test Data and Computation Results 23 



3.2 Observed Injuries to Spot vs Calculated 



Oscillation Parameter Z 38 



3.3 Observed Injuries to White Perch vs Calculated 



Oscillation Parameter Z 42 



3.4 Comparison of Shockwave Impulse and Calculated 



Bladder Oscillation as Damage Parameters 47 



3.5 Discussion of Injury Correlations 49 



4 APPLICATIONS 5 3 



4 . 1 Fish-Kill Contours 53 



4.2 Kill Probabilities as a Function of Depth for 



Different Sized Fish 57 



4.3 Total Fish-Kill and its Spatial Distribution 59 



REFERENCES 6 3 



LIST OF SYMBOLS 6 



APPENDIX A RESPONSE OF GAS BLADDER TO UNDERWATER EXPLOSION 



PRESSURES: SQUARE STEP APPROXIMATION A-l 



APPENDIX B METHOD FOR CALCULATING GAS BLADDER RESPONSE TO 



EXPLOSION PRESSURE WAVE B-l 



APPENDIX C APPROXIMATE METHOD FOR CALCULATING THE PRESSURE- 

 TIME SIGNATURE C-l 



APPENDIX D LOCATION OF FISH CAGES BY SOUND RANGING D-l 



APPENDIX E NOTE ON FISH CLOSE TO THE WATER SURFACE E-l 



