LITTORINA. 359 



from Belfast, by Mr. Darbishire from Macclesfield, by 

 Captain Drury Lowe from Moel Tryfaen, by Sars from 

 older and younger glacial deposits in the Christiania dis- 

 trict (at heights varying from 100 to 440 feet above the 

 present level of the sea), and by myself from Lilleherste- 

 hagen, near Uddevalla. I have particularized these 

 localities, in order that the range of L. litoralis 

 (or L. palliata), which is a peculiarly arctic fossil, may 

 be ascertained. In consequence of the doubt which I 

 entertain with regard both to the identity of that with 

 the present species, and to the correct assignment of 

 each of these so-called species to the recorded localities, 

 I give the range of northern distribution provisionally 

 and subject to future correction. Iceland (Mohr and 

 Steenstrup); Faroe Isles (Landt); White Sea (Midden- 

 dorff); Scandinavia (Miiller and others); Heligoland 

 (Frey and Leuckart); Holland ( Waardenburg) ; North 

 of France (Lamarck and others); Rochelle (D'Orbigny 

 pere, Aucapitaine, and J. Gr. J.); Santander (E. J. 

 Lowe); Vigo (M f Andrew); ? Toulon (Gay); ? Adriatic 

 (Olivi); ? Sicily (Philippi, fide Bivona, Gemellari, and 

 others). The habitat of L. palliata is the North- 

 American sea-board from the St. Lawrence and Cape 

 Cod. 



Lister noticed the habit of this species (as well as of 

 L. litorea) of copulating on the dry part of the shore. 

 Individuals of L. obtusata were found by Mr. William 

 Thompson at Weymouth in union with others of L. 

 rudis ; and Dr. Battersby tells me that he has seen the 

 same in Ireland. It does not appear that any hybrid 

 form resulted from the coition in any of these cases. 

 The 'Opuscula subseciva' of Baster (1769) contain 

 excellent figures of the spawn and fry of the present 

 species. Newly born shells have a small umbilicus, 



