PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR (S ): Walter Ruether, E. H. Graul, W. Heinrich, H. 



Planel, Horst Buecker, M. Delpoux, S. Fogel, M. Freeling, G. Horneck, A. 

 R. Kranz, U. Scheidemann, C. Thomas, C. A. Tobias, B. Toth, T. Yang, 0. 



C. Allkofer, R. Beaujean, E. V. Benton, W. Enge , R. Facius, H. Francois, 



D. Hildebrand, C. Jacquot, R. Kaiser, J. P. Massue, E. Obst, D. D. 

 Peterson, R. Pfohl, G. Portal, G. Reitz, E. Schopper, M. Schaefer, J. 

 U. Schott, and G. Siegmon 



EXPERIMENT TITLE/NUMBER : BIOSTACK III 



PROGRAM/MISSION : Apollo-Soyuz Test Project 



CLASSIFICATION : Animal - Brine shrimp eggs , ( Artemia salina ) , Flour beetle 

 eggs ( Tribolium confusum ) , Grasshopper eggs 

 ( Carausius morosus ) 



DISCIPLINE(S) : Radiobiology, Cell biology, Behavioral science 



OBJECTIVES : To study the influence of HZE particles on development, 

 morphogenesis, and histology. 



PROTOCOL : The BIOSTACK flight experiment was stored in the R-1 compartment in 

 the Apollo capsule where there was the least shielding from ambient radiation. 

 The specimens were arranged in monolayers and imbedded in polyvinyl alcohol 

 (PVA), and stacked between track detector sheets so particle tracks could be 

 located in relation to biological objects and the physical quantities of these 

 particles could be determined. 



EQUIPMENT : The biological specimens were imbedded in PVA. There were 2 

 cylindrical aluminum containers which enclosed a stack of biological specimens 

 and dosimeters. K2 nuclear emulsion plates were used as dosimeters for these 

 specimens. 



RESULTS : The total dose average was 1.21 mJ/Kg and the dose rate average was 

 5.04 J/kg-h. For particles Z = 1, Z = 2, the total dose was 0.01M mJ/Kg; Z > 

 2 total dose was 0.015 mJ/Kg. Protons of energies < 28 MeV, alpha particles 

 of energies < 200 MeV/nucleon and particles of Z > 1 at all energies were 

 detected. Most of the animal eggs hit by an HZE particle showed serious 

 damage during development. In Artemia salina eggs, the hatching rate was 

 significantly reduced and development anomalies were frequently observed. 

 Histological studies on anomalous larvae showed cellular and tissue damage 

 primarily at the extremities and the abdomen. 



CONCLUSIONS : These changes may be due to the differentiated dynamics of the 

 developmental processes of the egg. The observations generally confirmed the 

 results of the previous BIOSTACK experiments. HZE-particle-induced damage 

 might become manifest if nonreplaceable cells are destroyed. In manned space 

 flight, the primary concern would be the nervous system. However, the risk to 

 man from HZE particle during space flight can be sufficiently lowered if the 

 maximum possible shielding against HZE particle bombardment is ensured in the 

 design and construction of future space vehicles. 



PUBLICATIONS : 121, 122, 212 



131 



