the survival of captive and free-ranging cetaceans. The 

 results of study show, among other things, that: an annual 

 survival rate in captivity of 0.93 for bottlenose dolphins 

 and killer whales and 0.94 for white whales; differences in 

 survival rates between institutions are significant for bottle- 

 nose dolphins only; calf survival for bottlenose dolphins is 

 lower than non-calf survival; and survival of male killer whales 

 is significantly less than that of female killer whales. At 

 this time, it is not possible to compare the survivability of 

 animals in captivity with that of animals in the wild. 



On 4 December 1985, the Fish and Wildlife Service published 

 in the Federal Register proposed regulations governing the 

 humane and healthful transport of wild animals and birds. 

 These regulations are intended to satisfy the requirements of 

 the 1981 amendments to the Lacey Act, which governs the impor- 

 tation and shipment of wild animals and birds in interstate 

 commerce. The 1981 amendments required, among other things, 

 the implementation of transportation standards for all wild 

 animals and birds. Separate regulatory requirements have 

 been proposed for the transport of marine mammals. The Com- 

 mission commented on the proposed regulations by letter of 

 4 February 1986. Several proposed changes to the standards 

 involving marine mammals were set forth in the Commission's 

 letter, including the recommendation that the standards be at 

 least as stringent as the corresponding provisions of the 

 Standards for the Humane Handling, Care, Treatment, and Trans- 

 portation of Marine Mammals promulgated under the Animal 

 Welfare Act. Final regulations were published by the Service 

 on 10 November 1987. With the exception of the Commission's 

 recommendation that marine mammals not be delivered to a 

 carrier more than four hours prior to the scheduled departure, 

 all of the Commission's recommendations were adopted in the 

 final rule. 



Animal Welfare Act Amendments 



The Food Security Act of 1985 (P.L. 99-188), enacted on 

 23 December 1985, included amendments to the Animal Welfare 

 Act. The main thrust of these amendments was to enhance the 

 humane treatment of animals used in research by minimizing 

 pain and distress. Congress directed that the Secretary of 

 Agriculture promulgate standards with respect to animals in 

 research facilities requiring that: (a) animal pain and 

 distress be minimized; (b) principal investigators consider 

 possible alternatives to any procedure likely to produce pain 

 or distress; (c) veterinarians be consulted in planning poten- 

 tially painful procedures; (d) appropriate pain-killers be 

 used, and (e) except when scientifically necessary, no animal 

 be used in more than one experiment involving major surgery. 

 The amendments also call for the establishment of Institutional 



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