1200 



middle- and high-level personnel to France alone was estimated at 

 CFAF520,497,506 ($2,081,990) for 1967-69. Colombia incurred a loss 

 of investment for middle-level cadres as high as $14.7 million and 

 over $164 million for high-level personnel between 1955 and 1968. In 

 Trinidad and Tobago, an estimated $21.2 million was lost in 1968 be- 

 cause of the drain of qualified and skilled manpower.*^^ 



UNITAR's study on brain drain from five developing countries 

 records a total estimated cost in education to the Philippines for the 

 loss of emigrating professionals to the United States at $5,238,300 for 

 1967, $1,488,300 for migrating physicians and $3,750,000 for all other 

 professionals.*^^ From the 85 professionals who migrated to the United 

 States in 1967, Lebanon suffered a total loss estimated at $1.5 million. 

 The annual outflow of capital from Lebanon invested in education and 

 training was placed at $40 million.■*^^ 



Latin America has incurred substantial losses in educational invest- 

 ment because of the migration of professionals to the United States. 

 A report published by the Pan American Health Organization esti- 

 mates that about 4,000 university-educated persons emigrated to the 

 United States from Latin America during 1960-65. About three- 

 fourths, or some 3,000, w^ere believed to be permanent immigrants. 

 Placing the cost of training one person at a "conservatively estimated" 

 figure of $20,000, the loss of the 3,000 measured solely in terms of edu- 

 cation cost is about $60 million for the 5 years.'^°° 



Dr. Luis Giorgi, President of the Pan-American Federation of 

 Engineering Societies, observed in a report to a UNESCO-sponsored 

 conference that Latin America loses the equivalent of approximately 

 8 percent of the annual number of graduates in the higher levels of the 

 scientific and engineering professions. He estimates that an average 

 of 404 engineers and 144 scientists emigrate from Latin America an- 

 nually. Migration at this rate costs the Latin American countries about 

 $14 million a year, that is, in direct costs of training, $10 million for 

 engineers and $4 million for scientists. The loss would be "very much 

 greater", he said, if all the other many consequences, almost impossible 

 to quantify, were taken into account. Dr. Giorgi estimates that Latin 

 America has a total of 95,000 engineers and that it costs $20,000- 

 $30,000 to train an engineer in Latin America.^"^ 



Dr. Kidd calculates that about 3,000 university-trained scientists, 

 engineers and physicians migrated permanently to the L^nited States 

 from all Latin America during 1961 through 1965, or an average of 

 600 a year. This estimate takes into account a 25 percent return rate 

 from the total of 4,000. Assuming the costs of education "conserva- 

 tively" at $20,000, Dr. Kidd measures the loss to Latin America in 

 educational costs alone at around an average of $12 million a year.^''^ 



*»' Report of TJ.N. Secretary General, Outflow of Trained Personnel from Developing to 

 Developed Countries, June 9, 1970, p. 23. 



*08UN1TAR, Brain Drain from Five LDCs, 1971, p. 160. 



*^ Ibid., pp. 87-88. 



B'x' Report on Brain Drain from Latin America, Pan American Health Organization, 

 1966, p. 6. „ ^ 



^^ UNESCO, Final Report of the Conference on the Application of Science and Tech- 

 nology to the Development of Latin America, 1965, pp. 172 and 180. 



502 But the real costs, Dr. Kidd said, are higher and the losses relate primarily to the 

 loss of the "crucial few highly qualified professional people — particularly university 

 teachers and investigators." "It is the loss of these people in my judgment," he said, 

 "rather than absolute numbers, which generates a problem in Latin America." (Hearings, 

 Senate Judiciary Committee, International Migration of Talent and Skills, 1968, pp. 76- 

 77.) 



