645 



repugnant a compulsion to be employed? To what extent are the 

 chemical technologies used in modern agriculture necessary to feed 

 the world, and to what extent do they affect the environment so ad- 

 versely as to require international agreement to halt their widespread 

 use? 



Supporting Elements of National Technological Change 



National ability to exploit technology for specific fields of produc- 

 tion depends on many supporting conditions that need to develop 

 along with the technology they support. Authorities differ as to the 

 precise range of these elements and as to their relative importance. 

 Those cited may be considered illustrative of the general range of 

 elements of the technological "infrastructure." 



DIFFERENT VIEWS OF "iNFRASTRUCTUBe" 



Barbara Ward stresses the idea of equality, the idea of progress, the 

 fact of human population increase, and the application of science 

 and capital to nearly all forms of human activity.^^ 



David C. McClelland suggests that an important element is the at- 

 titudes and quality of the leaders and managers of industry and com- 

 merce in a nation : 



The crucial issue [seems to be] what kind of men are in which sector. . . . 

 What kind of men are available for leadership positions in economic organiza- 

 tions in various countries? For in the long run it is they, and their primary 

 concerns, whether for achievement, affiliation, power, or something else, that 

 determine the rate at which the economy of their country develops."" 



In a later discussion. Miss Ward suggests that the availability of 

 capital to support the process of technological development is crucial : 



The world economy is the creation of technology. Technology in turn is the 

 creation of two factors which first appeared in a decisive alliance, inside the 

 Atlantic community. One, of course, is experiment leading to invention. The 

 other is capital or savings.'^ 



Walt W. Rostow relates the acquisition of capital to agriculture: 



Technically, the preconditions for sustained industrialization have generally 

 required radical change in three nonindustrial sectors. First, a build-up of 

 social overhead capital, notably in transport. . . . Second, a technological rev- 

 olution in agriculture. . . . Third, an expansion in imix»rts financed by the more 

 efficient production and marketing of some natural resources plus, where possible, 

 capital imports.'" 



Martin Goland, President of Southwest Research Institute, enumer- 

 ate six essential ingredients of technological evolution : 



First, the technical knowledge which makes new technology possible ; 



Second, a social climate which is receptive to a more material way of life ; 



Third, a political and governmental structure which encourages new tech- 

 nology ; 



Fourth, the availability of the necessary labor and management skills, coupled 

 with an entrepreneurial attitude ; 



Fifth, the availability of venture capital ; and 



Sixth, an effective distril,)ution and marketing system. 



o» Barbara Ward. "The Rich Nations and the Poor Nations." (New Yorl£, W. W. Norton 

 and Compan.v, Inc., 1962), pages 13-6. 



™ David C. McClelland. "The Achieving Society." (New York, The Free Press, 1961), 

 page .300. 



^ Barbara Ward. "Technological Change and the World Market." In U.S. Congress. House. 

 Committee on Science and Astronautics. "Applied Science and World Economy." A Compila- 

 tion of Papers Prepared for the Ninth Meeting of the Panel on Science and Technology, 

 1968. (Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office. 196S). pages 7-9. 



■^2 w. W. Rostow. "The Process of Economic Growth." Second Edition. (New York, W. W. 

 Norton and Company, Inc., 1962), page 31.3. 



