848 



and family planning programs; (2) research into the attitudes and 

 values held by husbands and wives that affect their utilization of avail- 

 able family planning services; (3) actual operation of family planning 

 programs, staffing patterns and training methods for program work- 

 ers, and host methods for educating or motivating users of the pro- 

 gram : and (4) improving the acceptability of some specific method of 

 contraception.^'* 



AID also helps private and government-sponsored programs to pro- 

 vide contraceptives and clinical supplies which will increase their 

 effectiveness. As of June 30, 1970, more than 18 million monthly cycles 

 of oral contraceptives had been purchased with A ID fi nancing for use 

 in developing countries. Purchases of oral pills, TTJDs, and condoms 

 are made through the General Services Administration. In this way, 

 AID can standardize specifications of quality and safety, and encour- 

 age competitive bidding. It buys only those oral contraceptives which 

 are covered by what is known as an approved New Drug Application 

 (NDA), and it requires that the safeguards of the Food and Drug 

 Administration with respect to information requirements for medical 

 personnel and patients as stipulated for the United States be applied 

 to purchases made for consignment to the LDCs. On request, this in- 

 formation will be translated into the local language. (Approximately 

 two-thirds of the oral contraceptives financed by AID through June 

 1970 were on behalf of private nonprofit programs, while bilateral 

 government-to-government assistance accounted for the rest.) 



AID also helps to train the manpower to carry out family planning 

 and population programs. Preliminary surveys in 37 countries indi- 

 cate that over the next ten years manpower requirements for these 

 programs will exceed 50,000 physicians, 150,000 nurses and nurse-mid- 

 wives, 45,000 health and family life educators, 100,000 health and fam- 

 ily planning home visitors, and 20,000 medical social workers.^^' There 

 will be an additional need for small numbers of demographers, be- 

 havioral scientists, communications specialists, and training specialists. 



To meet this challenge AID has stepped up development of man- 

 power analysis skills in AID-assisted institutions, looking for a form- 

 ula applicable to different countries and situations. It has also ex- 

 panded its support of training in the skills needed in this field. Some 

 of this training takes place overseas, although not necessarily in the 

 specific country of the trainee; other trainees come to the United 

 States. Tlie training consists of special seminars, on-the-job training, 

 academic work, or some combination of two or more of these. Four 

 U.S. universities receive AID institutional support grants for train- 

 ing in this field. They are Johns Hopkins, North Carolina, Michigan, 

 and Hawaii. A grant is also made to the Population Council to sup- 

 port advanced training of a small number of students overseas. Table 

 7 shows the total number of students receiving family planning and 

 population training in the United States, both long and short term, 

 through special courses funded by AID, as of October 1970. 



i^ The ideal method is described as one in wbich a "nontoxic and completely effective 

 substance or method" can be self-administered on a single occasion and ensure tbe ab- 

 sence of pregnancy at the end of a monthly cycle. 



"Trs. Agency for International Development. "Population Program Assistance," 1970, 

 op. clt., page 24. 



