1174 



whicli have recuperative energies sufficient to reconstitute manpower 

 losses.^^* 



These complexities seem to justify the assessment of Gregory Hen- 

 derson, who declared : "In valuing or even assuming 'loss' to develop- 

 ment and to developing countries the analyst thus faces an essentially 

 unstatistical, unmeasurable problem which lies close to the actual core 

 of development as a process: different expectations concerning the 

 problem-solving capability of the trained or educated man when 

 faced with the environment of development." ^^^ 



INTERNATIONALIST AND NATIONALIST MODELS 



Literature on brain drain provides a full range of views as to 

 whether talent migration is a positive or negative force for donor and 

 receiving nations and for the world as a whole, but without resolving 

 the question. The most prominent division among analysts for anal- 

 ysis, in what Professor Niland terms this "most disputed of areas," is 

 in two models, the "internationalist" and the "nationalist." ^^^ 



The internationalist model is essentially universalist. It views talent 

 migration in global dimensions, judging its effects against the criterion 

 of whether it adds to the economic and social welfare of the world at 

 large. This view perceives brain drain in the context of the operations 

 of the international market for one particular factor in production, 

 namely, human capital. Such capital, according to this view, will tend 

 to move to those regions and occupations where its productivity is high 

 and away from those where it is low. So long as human capital is free 

 to seek its highest reward, that is, an income equal to the value of its 

 marginal product, and bears the cost of its own movement, it will auto- 

 matically tend to flow to areas where its contribution is the largest and 

 where it can do the most good. The calculus of the marketplace thus 

 distributes advantages in all directions, though not necessarily on an 

 equal basis.^^^ 



Advocates of the internationalist view assert that the migration of 

 talent enhances the value and increases the output of the world econ- 

 omy but does not necessarily impair that of the donor nation. Indeed, 

 migration can be advantageous to both the donor and receiving coun- 

 tries. As Philip H, Coombs wrote: ". . . we can cite cases — even of 

 Nobel prize winners — who by not going home were enabled, with the 



3^' A report of the U.N. Rpcretary Gpneral on brain drain from the LDCs stated : "On the 

 basis of the available statistics it would seem that the balance of trained manpower exchange 

 between developed and developing countries, in numbers at least, may be adverse to the 

 latter. ... At the same time It is most difficult, if not impossible, to evaluate this exchange 

 in terms of the quality of manpower." (Report of U.N. Secretary General, Outflow of 

 Trained Personnel from LDCs, Nov. 5, 19fi8, p. 22.) 



The report of the House Government Operations on brain drain stated : "Advanced coun- 

 tries may suffer flights of talent, but they usually have the advantage of large reserves. Also, 

 they possess financial and other resources with which they can offset outflow by attracting 

 back migrants, by draining talent from others, or by Increasing domestic supply." (Report, 

 House Government Operations Committee, /Scientific Brain nrain from tne LiDCs, 1968, 

 p. 5.) 



H. G. .Johnson suggests that no loss occurs to advanced countries as a result of migrations 

 among themselves : "This analysis suggests that international migration of educated pro- 

 fessional people, at least among the advanced countries. Is extremely unlikely to prodnco 

 world losses, and is on the contrary likely to produce substantial Increases in potential world 

 economic welfare." (Johnson, op. clt., p. 80.) 



s*^ Henderson, op. clt., p. 150. 



»8e Niland. op. clt., p. 7. 



'w'H. G. Johnson gives the most complete explanation of the Internationalist model. In, 

 Adams, Brain Drain, chapter 5. Dr. Adams summarizes the essence of this model on p. 4. 

 Professor Niland gives a more complete summary in his Asian Engineering Brain Dram, 

 pp. 7-9. 



