938 



The majority of Japanese faculty members coming to the United States are 

 interested in the physical, biological, or engineering sciences, though the majority 

 of Japanese graduate and undergraduate students in the United States are 

 studying . . . the humanities or social sciences .... More than half of the 

 American facultj^ members in Japan are engaged in the humanities and social 

 ■sciences, with further emphasis on Japanese language and literature. During the 

 period 1957-1966, the disparity has grown; the number of American scientists go- 

 ing to Japan has barely doubled, while the increase of Japanese scientists coming 

 to the United States has been nearly tenfold.'*® 



Summing up the results of the program in 1969 the Foundation 

 j"eports : 



As originally conceived, this program was to be a catalyst to increase coopera- 

 tion between scientists of the two countries, and when things were well established 

 it was planned that the formal program would disappear. Now, however, the 

 foreign affairs agencies of both countries wish it continued for political as well as 

 scientific reasons. '^7 



United States-Italy Cooperative Program in Science. — The Japanese 

 program was the first of a series of bilaterals in which the NSF was 

 committed to administer various kinds of scientific cooperation with 

 individual nations. The other programs described below are all 

 different in origin, purpose, scope, and administration and accordingly 

 warrant separate brief treatment. 



The United States-Italy Cooperative Program in Science was 

 initiated on June 19, 1967.^^^ It was the second bilateral science agree- 

 ment for which the Foundation became the implementing agency. 

 The program resulted from informal initiatives made by the National 

 Research Council of Italy, the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 

 to NSF and subsequent consultations on diplomatic and scientific 

 levels. '^^ The agreement provides for cooperation between mission- 

 oriented as well as basic science support agencies; each government 

 bears its own costs of the program; its original duration was for five 

 years, subject to annual program planning. The agreement provides 

 for cooperative research, seminars, and exchange of scientists. '^° 

 It was renewed in 1972 for three years. 



According to an NSF official formerly in charge of the U.S. -Italy 

 Cooperative Science Program, Italy did not have a mechanism nor 

 special funds to support Italian-American cooperative research before 

 inception of this agreement. One of its purposes, similar to that of 

 the U.S. -Australian agreements, was to institutionalize a way to 

 encourage Italian and American scientists to work together. ^^' Another 

 was to encourage the allocation of funds by the Italian Government for 

 such cooperation. 



Information is scarce about the number, subjects, and activities 

 of the scientific exchanges which have been carried out under this 

 program. Exchanges usually take place only in connection with 

 -cooperative research projects, the majority of which are funded by 

 other agencies. While the NSF must approve projects included under 



186 Ibid., p. 7. 



>8' 1970 NSF Authorization: Hearings, Vol II. op. cit., p. 575. 



188 Historical data taken from: Letter, Secretary of State Rusk to Dr. Haworth, Director, NSF, June 11, 

 1967; Letter Wilson, OIP to Rusk, June 13, 1967; and "U.S. Italy Cooperative-Science Program, program 

 announcement, 1970," NSF 70-15. The agreement is formalized as TIAS 6280, 18 UST 1268. 



189 Memorandum to members of the international committee of the Federal Council for Science and Tech- 

 nology, "Subject: Executive Agency GuideUnes for U.S.-Italy Program," by Robert Fleischer, Acting 

 head, Office of International Science Activity, April 5, 1967, including "Guidelines for the Executive Agency 

 for the U.S.-Italy program." 



iw "United States-Italv Cooperative Science Program," op. cit., NSF 70-15. 

 isi Interview with Dr. "Raphael Ronkin, February 26, 1971. 



