1080 



This particular form of brain drain arises from apparent contradic- 

 tions in policies among the former imperial powers. Through pro- 

 grams of foreign aid, they want to assist their former wards into 

 modernity, but such efforts are often offset by the movement of 

 "human capital" in the opposite direction. Concern for this problem 

 has increased with a growing awareness that development cannot be 

 effectively stimulated simply by the flow of money to the LDCs and 

 that an equally vital role must be played by local people with skills 

 and expertise to carry out development programs.®^ The United States 

 becomes involved in this problem in that former colonials immigrate 

 to the United States through the former imperial centers in Europe ; 

 they come directly from their native country ; and the United States 

 has been a long-time advocate and practitioner of foreign aid as a 

 means of development. Thus, within the LDCs, brain drain and de- 

 velopment conjoin and interact in Avhat can be self-defeating ways. 



What makes this matter particularly important for international 

 relations today is that the LDCs constitute a vast configuration of 

 political power; they have a voice; and they make knov/n their com- 

 plaints. No longer are they willing to remain silent while their inter- 

 ests are being ignored. As Prof. Don Patinkin of Jerusalem's Hebrew 

 University has said : "They complain — and the international situation 

 is such that their complaints are of concern to the major powers.'' ^°^ 



REORDERING OF PRIORITIES IN IMMIGRATION : QUALITY OVER QUANTITY 



A third component affecting general postwar trends in migrations 

 is the reordering of priorities in immigration by establishing the cri- 

 terion of quality over quantity for admission. 



Li the 19th century and through the early 1920's, international mi- 

 gration was relatively unrestricted. Scholars migrated largely as in- 

 dividuals ; the movement was not then, as now, a continual flow. As 

 noted in the preceding chapter, unskilled persons for the most part 

 comprised this early migration, and generally the process was bene- 

 ficial for both the sending and receiving countries. In the last half 

 century, particularly during the last two decades, migration has been 

 more rapid and widespread than in previous times. But the explosion 

 in world population, the development of nationalism and ethnic con- 

 sciousness in a number of countries and the impact of expanding world 

 economies created a tendency to restrict migration with the result that 

 the process has become more selective regarding levels of education 

 and training of the immigrant. As a report of the U.N. Secretary Gen- 

 eral said on the outflow of trained personnel from the LDCs, "tliere 

 is a universal preference for the highly trained, the elite immi- 

 grant. . . .^°^ 



In contrast with the early period of virtually open and unrestricted 

 immigration, most receiving nations, like the United States (1952 and 

 1965), United Kingdom (1962 and 1965), Canada (1967), and Aus- 

 tralia (1958 and 1966), have introduced laws or regulations establish- 

 es Patlnkln, op. Cit., p. 93. 

 100 Ibid. 



i«i United Nations, General Assembly, Outflow of Trained Personnel from Developing 

 Countries, Report of the Secretary General, New York, 196S, p. 7. (United Nations Docu- 

 ment: A/7294, Nov. 5, 1968, 23d sess. General Assembly). 



