1010 



of mathematicians and astronomers — knew about work going on in 

 their fields in the U.S.S.R. in the year ending in 1959," Dr. Brown 

 reports. As a result of the exchange programs, "The American and 

 Soviet exchange scientists of today would hardly recognize their 

 counterparts of a decade earlier, so much have important segments of 

 each society become familiar with the science and society of the other 

 country." ^^ 



Brown continues that "The effectiveness of the program is difficult 

 to judge in any quantitative sense." But one measure of success is the 

 development of fruitful personal and working relationships between 

 scientists and staff of the two academies: 



There are clearly identifiable professional and personal relations established 

 fcetween a limited number of scientists of the two countries. {But] in considering 

 the benefits derived from the exchange programs with the Soviet and East Euro- 

 pean academies, one should go beyond the profit to the individual scientist who 

 participates. We find that the very existence of a day-to-day working relationship 

 between our own academy and the individual ones in the U.S.S.R. and Eastern 

 Europe has developed a kind of familiarity and rapport which is useful in other 

 ways.^*^ 



Especially useful in this regard are the Academy visits to survey the 

 state of science in Eastern European countries during the period 

 1964-1969: 



The NAS delegations surveyed current scientific research, identified institutions 

 in which Americans might profitably carry out research, identified scientists of 

 the other country who might profitably be invited to the United States, and con- 

 sulted with appropriate officials about conditions under which the respective 

 Academies might foster increased contacts of scientists.*** 



In addition to providing background information used to initiate the 

 exchange programs with the Soviet Union, these surveys have un- 

 doubtedly proved useful to the operations of the Academy's Advisory 

 Committee on the U.S.S.R. and Eastern Europe. This Committee, 

 which is composed of eminent professionals in the physical, natural, 

 and social sciences, "provides policy guidance to the administrative 

 staff of the Section on the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe through 

 its annual meeting; it selects American scientists for participation in 

 the exchange programs; and addresses itself to particular problems of 

 a more general nature regarding the conduct of exchanges and provides 

 general facOitative services to scientists seeking to go to the Warsaw 

 Pact countries.*** 



Another beneficial product of the working relationship estabfished 

 by the Soviet-American bilateral agreements, according to Brown, is 

 support for the conduct of other professional and international co- 

 operative scientific activities not specifically provided for in the original 

 bilateral agreement : 



We find that we are able to obtain the good offices of our partner academies on 

 behalf of American scientists travehng privately to those countries, so that they 

 are able to enjoy access to scientists and institutions which might otherwise not be 

 readily available to them. The relationships are useful and effective also in our 

 international nongovernmental scientific organizations and activities. In short, our 

 interacademy working relationships have broken down cultural and other barriers 

 and engendered trust on all our parts so that we were able to conduct our inter- 

 national business with greater assurance and effectiveness. We all know with 

 whom we are dealing.*** 



«2 International Cooperation in Science and Space: Hearings, op.- cit., pp. 151, 152. 



<«Ibid., p. 152-1. 



"4 "Proposed for the Continuation for the Program for Exchange of Scientists, May 28, 1970," op. cit., p. . 



«5 NAS, "Report of Exchange Activities, May 1, 1969-April 30, 1970," op. cit., p. 4. 



446 "Proposal for the Continuation of the Program for Exchange, May 28, 1970," op. cit., p. 2. 



