731 



either from the United States or in the host country, but it is never- 

 theless "preventive medicine" and in this sense is a health program. It 

 will be noted in a later paragraph that AID is still active in promo- 

 tion of the management, operation, and maintenance of water and 

 sewerage systems. 



AID health work is bilateral, except for U.S. voluntary contribu- 

 tions from the AID appropriation to the United Nations Development 

 Program ($71 million in 1969), a part of which is utilized by WHO; 

 or contributions to UNICEF, much of which is administered by 

 WIIO."^ AID also contributes to the Special Development Assistance 

 Fund of the Organization of American States which supports multi- 

 lateral activities."* 



A general de^scription of AID's health activities was presented in 

 the 1969 AID report to Congress : 



AID health programs in fiscal 1969, amounting to $123 

 million [iiichiding $45.4 million for population programs], 

 were coordinated Avith those of international organizations, 

 such as the World Health Organization, Pan American 

 Health Organization and the United Nations Children's 

 Fimd. 



Support for malaria eradication programs was provided in 



18 countries under bilateral agreements. Of a population of 

 753 million in the malarious areas, 256 million now live in 

 areas where the disease has been eradicated and 189 million 

 where malaria transmission has been stopped. An active anti- 

 malaria campaign is protecting an additional 288 million 

 people. 



^leasles control and smallpox eradication programs covered 



19 countries in Central and West Africa where more than 68.4 

 million people have been vaccinated against smallpox and 11 

 million children vaccinated against measles. 



In environmental health activities, the management, oper- 

 ation and maintenance of water and sewerage systems con- 

 tinued to be emphasized in efforts to lessen the danger of dis- 

 eases caused by pollution. 



Research projects have developed new approaches to the 

 control and eradication of epidemic and endemic diseases. 

 Promising leads to possible immunization techniques for the 

 prevention of malaria were established. The major causes of 

 death in infancy and childhood were also studied."^ 



TRENDS IN THE LEVEL OF SUPPORT FOR AID'S HEALTH ACTIVITIES 



Beginning in 1956, the overall trend in AID dollar contributions 

 in support of health and sanitation programs and the use of counter- 



"' "The Foreign Assistance Program.'" op. cit.. page 42. There are two t.vpes of appropria- 

 tions involved in the State Department from which funds may be utilized for health work 

 In fi>rpi?' '•■>i'nt''f< On^ Jiiiproiirintion is rMre^-tl.v to State for the assessed contributions 

 Of the United State® to international organizations. The others are pursuant to the 

 Foreign Assistance Act (AID) in "Funds Appropriated to the President." (See: "The 

 Budget of the United States Government, Appendix, Fiscal Tear 1971," Washington, U.S. 

 Government Printing Office, 1970), page 80. When funds from the later source are con- 

 tributed to an international organization, AID's bilateral character becomes functionally 

 multilateral. When a multilateral organization, such as WHO or PAHO sets up a project 

 wtth a host country, the agreement is a bilateral one — between the international organi- 

 zation and the host country. The difference in the latter case is that the agreement is not 

 country with country. 



144 "The Fore 'gn Assistance Program." op. cit.. page 3?. 



U6 "The Fort gn Assistance Program," op. cit.. page 15. 



