1002 



scientists have shown no interest in studying the softer scientific 

 areas of social and psychological sciences (specifically psychology 

 and linguistics/geography) in the United States, but 13 Americans 

 have spent a total of 42 months in the Soviet Union in these two 

 fields. (For an overview of exchanges by subject, see Table 30.) 



TABLE 30.-AMERICANS TO SOVIET UNION AND SOVIETS TO THE UNITED STATES, BY SUBJECT AND TOTAL 



MAN-MONTHS, 1959-70 



Total man-months 



Physics, mathematics, mechanics, computers 



Chemistry, biochemistry - - 



Biology, fisheries, zoology, entomology, nematology, botany 



Engineering 



Geology, geophysics, meteorology, oceanography - ., 



Physiology, neurophysiology, psychiatry, surgery, pathology 



Psychology, neuropsychology -. 



Astronomy, radioastronomy .- --. 



Metallurgy. -. 



Linguistics, geography, anthropology, archeology 



Sources: Extrapolated from materials supplied by the National Academy of Sciences: "Soviets to United States, long- 

 term visits, 1967-70; 1963-67; 1959-63;" ''Americans to U.S.S.R., long-term visits, 1967-70; 1963-67; 1959-63;" "Ameri- 

 cans to U.S.S.R., short-term visits, 1967-70; 1963-€7; 1959-€3." Subject categories were prepared by the author to repre- 

 sent short descriptions of research topics as given in the NAS data. 



Expansion of the program to provide for a greater number of ex- 

 changes in the social sciences is a major objective of U.S. negotiators, 

 according to Soviet experts in the United States.*"^ Another objective 

 is to remove requirements for reciprocity in subjects and duration of 

 visit. 



United States and Eastern European Inter-Academy Programs: Numbers 

 and Subjects oj Exchange 



Because of the absence of detailed information it is more difficult 

 to provide a useful summary of exchanges between Eastern Europe 

 and the United States.*"^ Available materials indicate that: 



The program of exchanges between the United States and the 

 countries of Eastern Europe has been Very small (see Table 31); 

 as in the program of exchanges with the Soviet Union, approximately 

 equal number of visits are conducted annually each year, but more 

 Americans go to Eastern Europe than Eastern Europeans come to the 

 United States (see Table 31); the program of exchanges has been 

 gradually increasing; whereas one American went to the Eastern 

 European countries in 1966, 51 were exchanged in 1970 (see table 31); 

 similar to the American subject interest in the Soviet Union, the 

 greatest U.S. activity in the countries of Eastern Europe is in the 

 physics/mathematics area, closely followed by chemistry. Poland and 

 Romania have received most U.S. scientists in these areas (28 and 26, 

 respectively, 1966-1970). Americans have displayed special interest 

 in studying psychological research in Czechoslovakia. 



During the period 1966-1970, 5 or fewer Americans visited each of 

 the Eastern European countries in the following subject areas: 

 earth sciences, botany, biology, physiology, computer sciences, 

 sociology, psychology.*' ° 



*M Interview, Dr. John Hardt, op. cit. 



«' Annual data must be computed from NAS narrative lists which include programs in progress, com- 

 pleted, and proposed. The researcher has to be especially careful to avoid errors of duplication, 

 ^lo Data extrapolated from materials supplied by National Academy of Sciences. 



