883 



Significant trends also hold with respect to distribution of activity 

 by subject in Telation to geographic area. The majority of U.S. 

 scientists and technical personnel in Europe during the fiscal year 

 1970 were physical, natural, chemical, and biological scientists and 

 health personnel. The developing countries host primarily social 

 scientists and biologists. In some of the developing areas, such as 

 Africa, the bulk of American scientists and technical personnel typi- 

 cally- exchanged were social scientists. ^° 



Tfte Multiple and Complex Purposes of Scientific Exchange Programs 

 Aggregated data of this nature provide indications of general 

 trends of the dimension, scope, and thrust of Government-sponsored 

 civihan science and technology activities, but leave unanswered 

 questions regarding the specific purposes, impacts, needs, oppor- 

 tunities, and import of these programs.^^ For instance: 



Do scientists choose to go primaril}- to Europe because of pro- 

 gram limitations in other areas or because scientific activity 

 in Europe contributes more to the pursuit of science? 



How do programs differ between developed and developing 

 countries? Do programs in the developing countries provide U.S. 

 scientists and technicians with special research opportunities? 

 Or are they designed to promote the growth in the host country 

 of science and technology infrastructure and to enhance the de- 

 velopment of indigenous educational systems? 



What role does the host country play in administering these 

 programs? 



Have the scope and character of these programs varied over 

 time? 



Are international scientific meetings held more frequently 

 in one area than another? 



Are Federally supported programs for nongovernmental 

 scientific personnel. abroad increasing? 



Do programs meet objectives established for them by their 

 framers? 



WWch types of programs serve U.S. foreign policy goals more 

 explicitly than scientific goals? 



Do U.S. programs evenly distribute the benefits of American 

 scientific know-how? Are there explicit goals for such programs? 

 There are no easy answers to such questions. These programs are 

 governed by a variety of administrative arrangements and serve a 

 complex set of objectives. All such programs, however, have foreign 

 policy implications for the United States. That is, they affect or 

 reflect U.S. political, national security, trade, foreign economic 

 development, or humanitarian objectives. Some grew out of basically 

 scientific motivations in the sense of sharing and exchanging informa- 

 tion or knowledge and some serve personal goals. 



Herman Pollack, Director, Bureau of International Scientific and 

 Technological Affairs, Department of State, has described the set 



io Idem. 



" For an extended review of the variety, scope, purposes, and impacts of worldwide exchange programs, 

 see: Otto Klineberg, International Exchanges in Education, Science and Culture; Suggestions for Research 

 (Paris: Mouton and Co., 1966), 48 pp. (A publication of the International Social Science Council.) 



