886 



To meet the need, the State Department has targeted specific 

 objectives for U.S. foreign and international scientific and techno- 

 logical programs. A number of programs meet the objectives of joint 

 cooperative research to solve regional and global problems. According 

 to Mr. Pollack, these objectives are: 



a. To advance the world's store of knowledge by free exchange of ideas and data 

 (e.g., International Decade of Ocean Exploration) ; 



b. To create a "critical mass" of intellect and/or instrumentation in attacking 

 common problems (e.g.. Global Atmospheric Research Program) ; 



c. To speed the solution of critical problems by task appointment or complementary 

 research (e.g., safety vehicle development, U.S., Italy, Germany (CCMS)); 



d. To meet the need in many studies of simultaneous or coordinated observations for 

 many sites (e.g.. World Weather Watch); 



e. To compare the effects of geographic, climatic, cultural, etc. variables on a target 

 system under study (e.g.. International Biological Program) ; 



f. To avoid unnecessary duplicatory research by information and personnel ex- 

 change (e.g.. Medlars Information exchange) ; 



g. To make available to scientists everywhere unique resources or experimental 

 conditions otherwise available to only a few (e.g., SEATO Cholera Research Labora- 

 tory, Pakistan) ; 



h. To develop international "banks" of scarce materials (germ plasma, micro- 

 organisms, geological samples, etc.) for the use of all scientists (e.g.. Lunar rock 

 stud}' program) ; and 



i. To concentrate the talents of many nations on a transitory phenomenon (eclipse, 

 volcanic eruptions, etc.) to provide maximum scientific benefit (e.g., International 

 Task Force at Mexico solar eclipse.) i* 



HUMANITARIAN OBJECTIVES 



Some U.S. international science activities are designed to serve 

 humanitarian or technical-assistance goals. These include: 



a. To improve the health and welfare in developing countries by the application of 

 advanced science and technology (e.g., U.S. -Japan Medical Program) ; 



b. To develop an indigenous capability to meet their own needs through education 

 and institution building (e.g., AEG sister-sister relationships with laboratories in 

 various countries) ; 



c. To provide assistance in catastrophes and in the prevention of catastrophes 

 (e.g., U.S. assistance to Iran, Turkey, Chile, etc. after earthquakes) ; 



d. To control hazards or undesirable conditions transcending national borders (e.g., 

 agricultural quarantine cooperation); and 



e. To provide networks for early warning systems (hurricanes, tidal waves, etc. e.g., 

 Tsunami warning system), i* 



POTENTIAL CONFLICTS AMONG SCIENTIFIC, POLITICAL, AND PERSONAL 



OBJECTIVES 



U.S. scientists, like their counterparts in other fields and in other 

 countries, play pivotal roles in determining both the content and 

 mechanics of foreign and international scientific programs. In a 

 similar manner, the objectives of these activities — the scientific goal 

 of systematically accumulating knowledge about man and his world, 

 and the political goal of forging closer relationships among states — 

 necessarily^ vary with the waj' the diplomat uses science and the way 

 the scientist views his diplomatic role. 



It is difficult if not impossible to attribute clear-cut political 

 motives to specific international scientific or scientific exchange 



19.4 Ornerdl Review of International Cooperation in Science and Space, Hearings, op. cit., pp. 71-72. (Em- 

 phasis added.) 

 " Ibid., p. 71. (Emphasis added.) 



