900 



on the average approximate! 3^^ 50 percent of the exchanges con- 

 ducted annually are with European nations; 



— in the last several years a majority of the Americans recom- 

 mended for Fulbright-Hays grants have been in the fields of either 

 social sciences or natural and applied sciences; average annual 

 figures indicate that approximately 50 percent of the grantees in 

 these fields plan to serve in Europe. 

 With respect to scientific and technical exchanges in the developing 

 countries the data indicate that: 



— it is difficult to find qualified Americans to apply for Ful- 

 bright-Hays awards for openings in the less developed countries 

 (LDCs) ; much recruiting is done to find social, natural, and ap- 

 plied scientific and technical personnel to.serve in these countries; 

 — political considerations which underpin the technology trans- 

 fer aspects of the program deter scientific participation ; the chang- 

 ing emphasis from research and unfettered scholarship to technical 

 assistance and lecturing, accompanied b}- a cut in salary and 

 travel funds, makes it less attractive for scientists and technical 

 personnel to serve in the LDCs; and 



— diplomatic considerations support the program's foreign pol- 

 icy and international cooperation objectives, specifically its bina- 

 tionalism, but at the same time limit scientific participation 

 because the scope and content of scientific activities abroad are 

 predetermined by foreign hosts who prefer exchanges of scien- 

 tific and technical personnel with requisite language skills to 

 provide technical assistance. 

 Available program evaluations also indicate that senior Fulbright- 

 Ha3's grantees judged most effective abroad are those who can interact 

 culturally with foreign hosts and that scholars judged most prestigious 

 and professionally competent by their peers may be less effective 

 overseas than those judged less professionally competent. Scientists 

 fall under these categories. These trends will be described next. 



DIFFICULTIES OF FINDING QUALIFIED SCIENTIFIC CANDIDATES TO 

 SERVE IN THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 



During the period 1966 to 1970, the CIEP recommended lecture 

 and research awards in four subject categories, tenable in five geo- 

 graphic areas of the world. Between 53 and 60 percent of the recom- 

 mended awards were for the social sciences and the natural and applied 

 sciences. During this five-3^ear period*, about 42 percent of the recom- 

 mended awards in these two science areas were for Americans for serv- 

 ice in Europe. A continuous decrease has taken place in research awards 

 for these two science categories but the bulk of cuts for research 

 awards in the social and in the natural and applied sciences since 1966 

 has been in the developing countries. (See Tables 3 and 4.) 



