963 



interpretation, map making, specimen-sorting operations and curatorial services, 

 and other related activities engage approximately 150 workers at any given time 

 throughout the year.^'s 



In annual reports and presentations before the Congress, the 

 Foundation has described how Antarctic research involves inter- 

 national collaboration and exchanges of scientists. As an example,, 

 the Foundation reports that in 1970-1971: 



Scientists from Argentina, Chile, the United Kingdom, the U.^.S-R. and the- 

 United States conducted a joint expedition to Deception Island to study the 

 results of the recent eruptions of that volcanic island. The Research vessel Hero 

 . . . carries out research cruises in the waters of Tierra del Fuego as well as the 

 Antarctic Peninsula. In these efforts we have Argentine and Chilean scientists 

 aboard working with ours. The research vessel EUanin regularly accommodates 

 Australian, French, and New Zealand researchers, as well as other foreign 

 scientists.278 



The Foundation credits the program with developing measures for 

 the preservation of flora and fauna, tourism policies for the Antarctic, 

 and mechanisms to disseminate information about research results. 

 Politically, "The Antarctic Treaty has served as a model for the 

 Treaty on Outer Space and for discussions of an international agree- 

 ment on the use of the seabed." ^^° 



Table 21 gives NSF data listing Americans who visited foreign sta- 

 tions on the Antarctic continent or foreign ships to carry out collabora- 

 tive research with scientists from the United Kingdom, Japan, the 

 U.S.S.R., Argentina, and France. U.S. scientists participating in the 

 program, according tp^the NSF OflUcer for Polar Programs, are 

 generally part of a sm'all "school" of U.S. South Polar specialists. 

 Because of the isolation which must be endured for long periods of 

 time, only a few individuals are interested in stud^dng the Antarctic. 

 Potential grantees are personally interviewed before being admitted 

 to the program. In some cases they are required to take the U.S. 

 Navy Submarine physical and psychiatric exams to evaluate their 

 ability to withstand the extreme conditions found in the South 

 Polar Region .^^^ 



TABLE 21.— AMERICAN PARTICIPATION IN FOREIGN EXPEDITIONS IN ANTARCTICA, FUNDED BY NATIONAL 



SCIENCE FOUNDATION, 1960-70 



Numberof Number non- Total amount of 

 Individuals governmental grants (In dollars) 



Year: 



1960 1 1 27,900 



1961 1 66,960 



1962.... 1 1 43,400 



1963 1 1 28,400 



1964.... 3 2 47,300 



1965.... . .. 4 2 69,600 



1966.. 3 2 52,500 



1967 1 1 45,500 



1968. 7 5 64,100 



1969. 3 2 69,500 



1970 3 2 32,800 



Source: Data supplied by Office of Polar Programs, NSF. Details on project, foreign site, and name of grantee are 

 available. 



2^8 Ibid., p. C-31. 



2'9 International Cooperation in Space and Science: Hearings, op. cit., pp. 117-123. 

 2™ 1971 National Science Foundation Authorization: Hearings, op. cit., p. 196. 



"1 Supplied by Walter R. Seelig Associate Program Manager International and Cartographic Affairs, 

 Office of Polar Programs, NSF, April 1, 1971. 



