985 



selection, and administration of these activities. ^^'' (As noted above 

 the activities previously authorized under these agreements are in- 

 corporated into and are expanded in the 1972 and 197.3 agreements.) 

 It is expected that appropriate Government agencies will continue to 

 be responsible for day-to-day administration of cooperation in specific 

 scientific and technical areas.^^^ 



The inter-Academy scientific exchanges, authorized in annexes to 

 the Cultural Relations Treaties, are administered in the United States 

 by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) and in the Soviet Union 

 by the Soviet Academy of -Sciences. The NAS maintains a small staff 

 to administer the program, the Section on the USSR and Eastern 

 Europe in the Office of the Foreign Secretary. An NAS Advisory- 

 Committee on the U.S.S.R. and Eastern Europe provides policy 

 guidance. 



The program is funded by the Office of International Programs, 

 National Science Foundation. Exchange agreements are negotiated on 

 a two-year basis; renewals establish limits for specific man-months 

 and subjects for exchange. Each country pays the transportation of 

 its citizens to the other; the host country is responsible for living 

 expenses, tuition, and related expenses. Foreign poUcy guidance and 

 procedural advice are given by the Soviet and Eastern European 

 Exchanges Staff, U.S. Department of State. 



With the exception of other exchanges in specific fields of atomic 

 energy and public health, the Soviet- American inter-Academy ex- 

 change was, prior to 1972, virtually the only Government-funded 

 program which sent "hard" non-agency senior-level scientists and 

 technical personnel to the Soviet Union. The importance of the 

 Inter-Academy operation has been implied in several recent studies. 

 For instance, Professor Robert F. Byrnes has reported that data 

 collected by the Soviet and Eastern European Exchanges staff, 

 Department of State, demonstrate that "Almost eighty percent of 

 the Soviet participants in the basic program administered [in Soviet- 

 American academic exchange programsl have been scientists and 

 engineers, while somewhat less than ten percent of the Americans 

 have been in science or technology." ^^^ Professor Frederick C. Barg- 

 hoorn, who conducted an in-depth survey of Soviet-American ex- 

 changes, reported similarly: 



. . . the ovenvhelming majority of Soviet exchanges, especially in academic 

 exchange programs are specialists in the natural sciences and in engineering. 

 This concentration of scientists and engineers among the Soviet participants . . . 

 has become even more pronounced during the last year or two. . . . Americans . . . 

 are mainly historians, literary scholars, and social scientists.^*^ 



M4 Under temis of the previous agreements between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. and Eastern Europe' 

 personnel in specific scientific and technical fields were exchanged between U.S. mission-oriented aeencie_ 

 and their foreign counterparts. Usually these prograwis, at least on the U.S. side, involve sending Govern" 

 mental scientific and technical personnel to the other country. The United States-Soviet Health Exchange 

 Agreement was administered by the Coordinator, U.S. Soviet Health Exchange, Office of International 

 Health, Public Health Service; atomic energy exchanges were handled by the Division of International 

 Affairs, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission: and exchanges in agriculture were administered by the Foreign 

 Agricultural Service, U.S. Department of Agilculture. 



W5 Interview, Dr. Norman Neureitcr, former staff member of the U.S. side of the Joint Commission, 

 Department of State, .Tuly 1973. See also: "Record of the First Meeting of the U.S.-U.S.S.R. Joint Commis- 

 sion on Scientific and Technical Cooperation," op. cit. 



s^' Bvrnes, op. cit., p. 11. 



M' Frederick C. Barghoorn, "The Special Case of U.S.-U.S.S.R. Exchanges," International Educational 

 ond Cultural Exchange (Fall 1969), pp. 36-7. 



