986 



Accordinof to a 1965 Department of State report, the majority of 

 Eastern Europeans who come to the United States on exchange 

 programs funded by private American Foundations are in science and 

 technology. But "such a provision . . . for return of visits of American 

 scientists to Eastern Europe ... is not found in [these private 

 programs]." ^** 



Underlying the Soviet concentration on sending large numbers of 

 scientists and technical personnel to the United States, according to 

 Byrnes, is a desire to profit from American scientific and technical 

 advances: 



Those of the Party and the governmtnt who make the decisions . . . seek to 

 strengthen the Soviet system and to weaken ours. Their primary concern has been 

 to obtain scientific, technical, and miUtary information from the United States . . . 

 [and to] strv^ngthen their economy. . . . The So\'iet Union has obtained a signifi- 

 cant increment to its scientific and technical knowledge from these programs, 

 from basic knowledge concerning polio vaccines, to training in econometrics, 

 and . . . business management [and] the latest work in biochemistry. ^*9 



' The inter-Academy agreements, like all previous scientific agree- 

 ments with the Soviet Union and both the 1972 and 1973 agreements, 

 specify reciprocity in numbers, subjects, and duration of exchanges. 

 This obstacle. Dr. Brown implies, limits American scientific exchange 

 activities in the Soviet Union to fields the Soviets wish to study in the 

 United States : "... The Soviet Academy determines fields in which 

 it ^vishes to send scientists to the United States and . . . the 

 individual participants are subsequently selected to correspond with 

 the field. Thus the Soviet Academy seeks to maximize scientific benefits 

 according to prearranged plan. ..." ^^^ But U.S. objectives, Brown 

 continues, are to ". . . accommodate American scientists whose, 

 research interests would be furthered by contacts in the U.S.S.R. with 

 Soviet colleagues. These different approaches," Brown adds, "under- 

 score the utility of the Exchange Agreement as an adaptive mechanism 

 to enable the scientists of the two countries to engage in professional 

 activities which would otherwise be subject to almost insuperable 

 diflficulties." »5i 



Senior level programs of scientific exchange with Poland, Czecho- 

 slovakia, and Yugoslavia are conducted on the basis of nongovern- 

 ment Academy-to-Academy agreements, first arranged in 1966. These 

 are less formal than activities under the comprehensive intergovern- 

 mental cultural relations agreement with the Soviet Union. An 

 Academy-to-Academy exchange agreement with Romania was ar- 

 ranged on the basis of an intergovernmental exchange of notes first 

 signed in 1960 and renewed biennially. Tliis agreement provides also 

 for exchanges in specific fields handled b}^ other agencies, such as in 

 atomic energy, pubUc health, housing, and transportation. Applied 

 science and technology oriented exchanges between operating agencies 



s^s Letter from Herman Pollack, Acting Director, International Scientific and Technological Affairs, 

 Depaitment of State, to Arthur Roe, Head, OfBce of International Programs, NSF, May 8, 1065 [-Hriting in 

 support of the Foundation's funding of a program of NAS administered exchanges with the countries of 

 Eastern Europe]. 



3" Byrnes, op. cit., p. 11. This objective was underscored in a 1972 evaluation of the use of science and 

 technology in Soviet domestic and foreign policies. "... It is clear," the study reports, "that the greater 

 part of the Soviet eflort involving foreign science and technology continues now as in the past to be con- 

 centrated on the acquisition of information useful to the USSR in developing its own plans." The evolu- 

 tion of Communist Party documentation and activities in support of this goal are elaborated upwn in Mose 

 L. Harvey, Leon Goure, and Valdimir Prokofieflf, Science and Technology as an Instrument of Soviet Pulley 

 (With a foreward by Ambassador Foy D. Kohler) (Miami: Center for Advanced International Studies, 

 University of Miami, Fla., 1972), p. 95. 



35" Report of the Foreign Secretary to the Annual Meetings of the National Academy of Science, April 

 1971 . In International Cooperation in Science and Space: Hearings, op. cit., p. 222. 



»n Idem. 



