990 



ing for scientific research and development,- the focus of basic research 

 in the U.S.S.R. is in the institutes of the Soviet Academy of Sciences.^*^ 



The Need for Scientific Consultation in Establishing Agreements 



The history of the initiation and renegotiation of U.S. and U.S.S.R./ 

 Eastern European bilateral inter-Academy scientific agreements 

 illustrates the important role played by the two Academies in fashion- 

 ing terms compatible with requirements for both science and politics. 

 It demonstrates also a need for continuous negotiation between sci- 

 entists and diplomats in efforts to enlarge the number, subject areas, 

 and types of exchanges. Th^se topics will be addressed in the following 

 sections. 



SOVIET-AMERICAN PROGRAMS 



The first Soviet-American program of scientific exchanges began in 

 1958, in the aftermath of the flight of Sputnik. At the request of the 

 State Department,^^ these activities were implemented at first on an 

 ad hoc, nongovernmental basis by the Academies of Science of both 

 countries under authorization of Section IX of the Lacy-Zaroubin 

 Agreement of January 1958, the first cultural exchange understanding 

 between the United States and the Soviet Union.^^ In December 1958, 

 in response to a request from NAS, the ''National Science Board ap- 

 proved NSF 'consideration of support' to the NAS-NRC for a U.S.- 

 U.S.S..R. interacademy exchange of scientists in the event that federal 

 funds were required." ^^ 



Six months later, the Academy submitted a proposal to NSF for 

 support for an exchange of scientists with the Soviet Union. The 

 National Science Board approved the request in May 1959 for a two- 

 year period. During the interval, NAS, at the request of the State 

 Department, negotiated terms of a detailed agreement with the Soviet 

 Academy of Sciences. It was concluded July 1959 (the Bronk-Nes- 

 meyanov agreement). In September 1959, the NSF granted funds to 

 the Academy for a one-year program of exchanges. This agreement was 

 subsequently included in the new cultural relations treaty of 1960-61, 

 signed by Llewellyn Thompson, U.S. Ambassador to the Soviet 

 Union, and G. A. Zhukov, Chairman of the State Committee of the 

 U.S.S.R. for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries.^®^ 



The inter-Academy agreement signed in 1959 provided for a small, 

 reciprocal two-year program of exchanges. Subsequent two-year 

 agreements, which have been part of the broader biennially renewed 



'*' Brown, In: A General Review of Internaf tonal Cooperation in Science and Space, op. cit.. p. 151. On the 

 SoviPt R and D system see; UNESCO. Science Policy and Organization of Research in the U.S.S.R. Science 

 Pol iCD Studies and Documents No. 7 (Paris: UNESCO, 1967), 116 pp. and Orpanisation for Economic Co-oper- 

 ation and Development, Science Policy in the U.S.S.R. (Paris: OECD, 1969), 618 pp. 



3*2 Taken from materials supplied by the NSF and Draft Catalogue, supplied by Subcommittee on Bi- 

 lateral Relations, International Committee of the Federal Council for Science and Technology, December 6, 

 1971. 



363 The Lacy-Zaroubin agreement was the end result of three years of negotiation, begun in 19.55, to begin 

 cultural and educational exchanges between the United States and the U.S.S.R. The history of this period 

 was recently summarized in a Department of State pubhcation: "At the 19.55 Geneva meeting the Heads of 

 Government of the United States, France, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union directed their 

 Foreign Ministers to 'study measures which could bring about such freer contacts and exchanges as are to the 

 mutual advantage of the countries and peoples involved.' The Foreign Ministers of the four countries met in 

 Geneva in October 1955 to carry out the directive given them by the Heads of Government. On the item of 

 increased East-West contacts, the representatives of France, the United Kingdom, and the United States' 

 presented a proposal for 'further exchanges of perspns in the professional, cultural, scientific and technical 

 fields' and for the beginning of 'exchanges of persons engaged in language and other area studies.' No agree- 

 ment was reached on this or on the other two ag«nda items: European security and Germany, and disarma- 

 ment. The final communique stated that fqrther discussion on all three topics would take place through di- 

 plomatic channels." ("A Decade of Scholarly Exchanges v/ith the Soviet Union," FAR Horizons (July 1968), 

 pp. .5-6.) 



'" Materials supplied by NSF and by the International Committee of the Federal Council for Science and 

 Technology December 6, 1971, op. cit., passim. 



3" TIAS 4362, November 21, 1959. 



