991 



intergovernmental agreements for cultural, scientific, technical, 

 educational and other exchanges, have continued and slowly expanded 

 the scientific exchange program since 1959:^^® 



The inter- Academy exchange commenced with provision for 44 scientists of 

 each country to visit the other for a total of 70 months over a period of 2 years, 

 an extremely modest beginiiing which stressed short visits of 1 month. In 1962, 

 when the program was renegotiated, the NAS took the initiative to adjust the 

 balance away from the short survey visits in the direction of the longer research 

 visits, for which Americans at least took their families along to participate in the 

 new experience. In 1962 a new pattern was established which has continued more 

 or less up to the present: 30 lecture-survey visits of 1 month; 26 research visits 

 totalling 160 months for the biennium, with more emphasis placed on the longer 

 research visits.'^^ 



The evolution 'of renegotiation of the broader cultural relations 

 agreements under which the inter-Academy agreement is conducted 

 slowly expanded provisions for U.S.-Soviet scientific exchanges into 

 other areas. The 1962 agreement formalized exchanges in the humani- 

 ties and social sciences between the American Council of Learned 

 Societies, currently at the level of 12 scholars for 3-10 months "for 

 the purpose of becoming acquainted with scholarly research in the 

 fields of the humanities and social sciences as well as for conducting 

 research in the scholarly institutions of the other side." ^^^ It provided 

 also for summer exchanges of language teachers. A significant ex- 

 pansion of the 1970 agreement was for the exchange of U.S. and 

 Soviet professional and trade association delegations in 20 fields 

 covering a variety of appHed scientific and techoical problems. The 

 first seven fields are listed under the subheading "Man and His 

 Environment," and include broad-based topics of major importance 

 to an industrial society. The 13 other exchanges are on topics of more 

 limited scope.^^^ 



The cultural relations agreement for 1970 and 1971 was signed in 

 Washington on February 10, 1970. With the exception of minor 

 changes in number and duration of exchanges, this agreement was 

 essentially the same as the agreements between the two Academies in 

 previous years. One significant addition was a provision for the two 

 Governments to facilitate exchanges of professors and instructors to 

 lecture in the natural sciences, technical sciences, and humanities, 

 and the social sciences. The 1972-73 inter-Academy agreement, signed 

 April 11, 1972, expanded man-months of permissible exchange to 190 

 each way. No specific arrangements were made for the conduct of 

 joint symposia or scientific research; the agreement provided for 

 the Academies to work out these details.^^° 

 The 1972-73 agreement is summarized below (paraphrase) : 



1. Number and duration of exchanges. — a. Exchanges of 12 

 prominent scientists, at least half of them to be members of the 

 respective Academy, for periods up to one month to lecture, 

 conduct seminars, or familiarize themselves with scientific 

 research; 



3" Under 6 intergovernmental agreements for scientific, technical, educational, and cultural exchanges 

 concluded every two years between U.S. Ambassador to the Soviet Union or other State Department 

 officials and their counterpart Soviet officials: TIAS 4362, 11/21/25; TIAS 5112, 3/8/62; TIAS 5582, 2/22/64; 

 TIAS 6149, 3/19/66; TIAS 6.570, 7/15/68 and 2/10/70. 



3" Brown, In: International Cooperation in Science and Space: Hearings, op. cit., p. 152. 



3M "A Decade of Scholarly Exchanges with the Soviet Union," op. cit., p. 2. 



3«9 "Scholarly Exchanges with the U.S.S.R.," FAR Horizons (May 1970), p. 4. Additional industrial and 

 professional association exchanges are included in Section II of the 1970 agreement. 



^'> NAS, "Annex I. Agreement on Exchange of Scientists between the National Academy of Sciences of 

 the USA and the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in. 1972 and 1973," 2 pp. 



