993 



received. The Committee authorized the Foreign Secretary to in- 

 vestigate "establishing informal exchange arrangements with in- 

 terested academies in Eastern Europe and recommended that a 

 beginning be made with Poland and Yugoslavia", since there already 

 were favorable relations between U.S. scientists and scientists of these 

 countries. ^'* Shortly thereafter, the Academy, in consultation with 

 the NSF, prepared a draft memo of understanding to serve as a basis 

 for the exchange arrangements. The draft was reviewed and approved 

 by the State Department, U.S. Embassies and legations in Eastern 

 Europe, and "other interested parts of the Government." ^^* 



The inter-Academy agreements concluded by the NAS and the 

 Science Academies of Poland and Yugoslavia were designed from the 

 start to be less formal than the scientific exchange agreement with the 

 Soviet Union. "Our goal," wrote the NAS officials, "is to have ex- 

 change understandings as flexible as possible." Continuing: 



We would like to be able to help American scientists get to Eastern Europe as 

 they find it professionally necessary or desirable . . . without reference to a 

 rigid number of exchange or to fields stipulated in advance. . , . There will have 

 to be some limitation on complete freedom of action . . . because of budgetary 

 considerations, and . . . the sensitivity of some fields. . . . The scientist and his 

 interest will be proposed at the same time, not field first and scientist afterward 

 as under . . . the 1962 exchange agreements, with the Soviet academy. . . .'" 



The NAS and the Academies of Sciences of Poland and Yugoslavia 

 continued negotiations during later 1962 and most of 1963. In Decem- 

 ber 1963, after it had received approval from the Governing Board of 

 NAS, the Office of the Foreign Secretary formally requested $15,960 

 from the NSF to inaugurate a program of exchanges for the academic 

 year 1963-64. NSF forwarded the proposal for review to the State 

 Department, which subsequently approved the request "as being in the 

 foreign policy interest of the United States ..." and asked NSF to 

 support the NAS request.^^^ NSF approved the NAS proposal in 

 February 1964. 



After exploratory visits between scientific delegations of the 

 Academies, the NAS in 1965 received NSF approval to widen the 

 exchange program to include Romania, Hungary, and Czechoslo- 

 vakia.^^^ "The main purpose of the three new programs," according 

 to the Academy, "would be essentially the same as the original two": 



... to establish a working channel through each of the foreign organizations to 

 the scientific community . . . [to] further science internationally and [toj 

 facilitate survey and research visits of American scientists ..:.'*•' 



Extension of the Program: Romania and Czechoslovakia. — After 

 receiving State Department approval NSF, in 1965, awarded $15,000 

 to NAS to support the visits of small American delegations to other 

 Eastern European countries to explore establishment of formal 

 scientific exchange activities.^*^ Formal "Inter-Academy Memoranda 



"5 Idem. 



3" Idem. 



3" Idem. 



"8 Letter from R. Rollefson, Director, Office of International Scientific Affairs, Department of State, 

 to Leland J. Haworth, Director, NSF, January 22, 1964. 



3" NAS-NRC, Office of the Foreign Secretary. "Proposal for Amending Task Order No. 74, to Broaden 

 Exchanges of Scientists Beyond a Present Program for Yugoslavia and Poland to Include Romania, Hun- 

 gary and Czechoslovakia." Sent to NSF, April 14, 1965. 



380 Idem., p. 1. 



38' NAS-NRC, Office of the Foreign Secretary, "Exchange of Scientists Between the National Adademy 

 of Sciences, U.S.A. and the Academies or Research Councils of Poland, Yugoslavia, Romania, Czecho- 

 slovakia, and Hungary, for the Period September 1, 1967 to August 31, 1968." Continuation of Contract 

 NSF, C-310, proposal submitted June 8, 1967, p. 1. 



Inter-Academy exchange visits made under this grant were: NAS delegation to Romania, December 

 1965: Hungary, May 1966; Czechoslovakia, September 1966. Delegations to the U.S.: Romanian Academy* 

 October 1965 ;Czechoslovakian Academy, May 196C; and Yugoslovtan Academy, September 1966; 



