1008 



Soviet restrictions on American exchanges, according to B}Tnes, 

 relate to obtaining archival information, travel, "bugging" of living 

 quarters, mail searches, and impact on interpersonal relations: 



American scholars . . . have great difficulties obtaining access to archives, to 

 living sources, and to some kinds of publications. . . . Americans are seriously re- 

 stricted in their opportunities to travel for study or study-related purposes from 

 Moscow and Leningrad, and they ordinarily travel only in groups and accom- 

 panied by . . . guides. 



Americans have come to consider the Soviet postal system as "the opened 

 mail" and to realize that diaries have official readers. They are never certain who 

 their Soviet friends are and which are involuntary informers or agents provoca- 

 teurs. Some had close friends regretfully discontinue relationships because the 

 friends were frightened by the police. . . . Some were followed . . . and all of them, 

 and their Soviet friends came to believe that the rooms in which they lived . . . had 

 listening devices . . . and that their telephone conversations were monitored. Many 

 became justifiably suspicious of officials in the university . . . some of whom . . . had 

 responsibilities to the KGB, the Soviet Secret Pohce. . . ."i 



Dr. Philip Handler, president of the Academy, recently sum- 

 marized NAS perspectives on the need to remove political constraints 

 to the exchanges programs: 



The ultimate goal must be the normalization of . . . exchanges with Russian and 

 American scientists free to move back and forth working in laboratories, of their 

 own choice without the need for formal mechanisms. . . .*^^ 



Pessimistically he continued: "There is no provision among the 

 various [recently] signed [1972] agreements . . . designed to promote 

 progress in this direction." *^^ Harrison Brown has called, for mstance, 

 for removal of barriers to participation in activities privately spon- 

 sored by American universities: '\ 



The problems of free circulation of scientists continue to vex us. In re68 two 

 Soviet physicists were denied entry to the United States to present papers at the 

 Fifth Symposium on Remote Sensing of the Environment, held at the University 

 of Michigan. The meeting was open and international, and the proceedings are 

 readily available; however, it was organized by the University of Michigan and 

 other sponsors in this country and not by an international body.*** 



Also, according to Brown, the Departments of State and Defense 

 should remove travel restrictions : 



We discovered that whole counties were put on the banned list by the Depart- 

 ment of Defense, not by the Department of State. It was done on the following 

 basis, that if there happened to be a criticial installation which the Defense De- 

 partment did not wish Soviet scientists to get near, they would restrict access to 

 the entire county. As a result, we could not take scientists to Muir Woods or on a 

 hike up to Mount Tamalpais just outside of Berkeley, Cahfornia. It turned out 

 that our national observatory at Kitt Peak was not restricted, but the road 

 going up to Kitt Peak was, so couldn't get them there. All of Martha's Vineyard 

 was restricted and we couldn't take them there. All of San Diego was restricted 

 and that sort of thing makes hfe very complex.*** 



Another NAS objective is to facilitate Soviet entry by amending 

 the Immigration and NationaUty Act to remove requirements that 

 American institutions assume responsibiUty for Soviet visitors. "Such 

 a change in law," according to Harrison Brown, "would reduce 

 bureaucratic red tape and perhaps even hasten American visa-issuing 

 capabilities without sacrificing legitimate considerations of national 

 security." *^® 



"1 Byrnes, op. cit., pp. 10, 13, 14. 



432 "The Moscow Agreement and U.S.-Soviet Scientific Relationships," op. cit., p. 8; 

 ♦33 Idem. 



"♦ " Report of the Foreign Secretary to the Armual Meeting of the National Academy of Sciences, April 29, 

 1969," p. 4. 

 <" Internatinnal Cooperation in Science and Space: Hearings, op. cit., pp. 160-61. 

 «« Ibid., p. 154. 



