1040 



III. Brain Drain as a Contemporary International Problem — Con. 



Some Brain Drain Pattei-ns Within British Commonwealth : Page 



Canada and Australia 1088 



Movement From LDCs to Canada 1088 



Canada's Losses to United States and Gains From the 



LDCs 1090 



Attraction of Students to Canada 1090 



Movement to Australia 1091 



Migration From LDCs to Australia 1092 



Attraction of Foreign Students to Australia 1094 



Talent Migration to United States Since the Late 1940's 1095 



UNITAR Study, 1970 : Immigration of Professional Man- 

 power 1095 



Professional Immigration to the United States. Trends 



Through the Fiscal Year 1970 1104 



NSF "Highlights" on Immigrant Scientists and Engineers, 



Physicians and Surgeons. Fiscal Year 1972 1113 



Immigration of M.D.'s to the United States: A Special Case 1119 



Critical Views on Medical Brain Drain 1119 



Essential Data From AMA's 1971 Report on FMG's 1120 



Data Fi-om the Stevens- Vermeulen Study on FMG's 1125 



Data on Medical Immigrants and Nonimmigrants 1125 



Educational Exchange of Foreign Students and Scholars in the 



United States 1127 



Data From "Open Doors, 1971" on Foreign Students 1127 



Data From "Open Doors. 1971" on Foreign Scholars 1131 



Some Tentative Generalizations on Brain Drain as a Contempo- 

 rary Problem 1133 



IV. Causes of Brain Drain : Interaction of "Push/Pull" Forces 1135 



"Push" Factors in Brain Drain 1135 



Economic Factors: Symptom of Underdevelopment 1135 



Mismanagement of Manpower ; Misconception of Educa- 

 tional Reform 1135 



Emigration, an Escape Hatch for Elite 1137 



Cultural and Intellectual Inadequacies 1138 



Inadequate Scientific-Technical Infrastructure 1138 



Lack of Qualified Teachers and Graduate Facilities- 1139 



Weaknesses in Communications Network 1139 



Push of Emigration 1140 



Social Factors Causing Brain Drain 1140 



Archaic Traditions as Obstacle to Progress. 1141 



Social and Racial Discrimination 1141 



Rejection of Innovation 1142 



Prejudice Against Science and Technology 1142 



Trend Toward Urbanization 1144 



Compulsion to Emigrate 1145 



Political Factors Causing Brain Drain : Intellectual Repres- 

 sion 1145 



Political Instability and Unrest . 1146 



Governmental Indifference to Scientific Development 1147 



Erosion of National Loyalties 1147 



"Pull" Factors in Brain Drain 1148 



Economic Factors: Vitality of the American Economy 1148 



Government Supported R. & D 1149 



Shortages of Scientists. Engineers, and Physicians 1150 



Pull of High Salaries and Career Opportunities 1154 



Revolution in World Communications 1156 



A Summing Up of Economic "Pull" Forces 1157 



Cultural and Intellectual "Pull" Forces in Brain Drain 1157 



U.S. Drawing Power as a "Center of Excellence" 1157 



Scientific-Technological Civilization : Source of "Permanent 



Draw" 1158 



Additives to "Permanent Draw" : Acculturation. Mis- 

 matched Training, and Donor Indifference 1160 



Process of Acculturation 1160 



Mismatch in Education and Training 1163 



Donor Indifference 1165 



