1070 



appeals of ])rcsfiiro and academic excellence: international chai'acter 

 of science and scholarship ; sliared values among scholars and students. 



Fa-'fcrs Producing Moh'dity in the Modem Age 



The leap of Western man from the Medieval to the Modei'ii Age was 

 made possible by the impact of three major historical developments, 

 namely, the Age of Discovery, the scientific revolution and rise of 

 modciii technology, and the Industrial Ivovolution."-' All tlirce devel- 

 opjDcnts, occurring more or less simultaneously and interacting in con- 

 cert with one another, contributed to quickening the mobility of 

 modern r.ian. 



AGE OF DISCONT.RY 



Tiie Ago of Discovery opened up the world to "Westein man. Xo 

 longi^r were the horizons of his thought and activity coiihned to the 

 nairow limits of the ISIediterranean basin or the West European 

 })oninsula. Asia, Africa, the Americas, and Oceania now beci'.me new 

 fields foi' absorbing his energies; and as discoverers, colonizers, or 

 l)ermanent emigiants, migrating Europeans covered the earth. 



j^y the early liOth century the idea of Europe became globalized as 

 tlie impress of European culture and civilization was made on vir- 

 tually every corner of the earth and as imperial and colonial connec- 

 tions wei-e established with Europe as the metropolitan center. A 

 relationship had been created during the Age of Discovery that was to 

 last for the next 500 years. As a result, Europe achieved a i^osition of 

 wealth, ]jower, influence, progress, and preeminence heretofore un- 

 known to man. 



I'lnis, from the Age of Discovery came a new mobility for modern 

 man. Unlike .Vristotle. whose ancient world was bounded by the limits 

 of tl\e Greek city-state, and Abelard, who functioned v.ithin the 

 narrow limits of Medieval Western Europe, the scientist and scholar 

 of the Modern Age has had the world for his stage. 



REVOLUTION IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 



The re\(^lution in science and technology was another force con- 

 tiibuting to the mobility of modern man. I-^xpansion of scientific 

 knowledge created a new world of learning. It ex]xinded the hoii- 

 zons of liis thought, opened up new' areas of inquiry for his intel- 

 lectual energies, and provided him new opportunities in the search for 

 knowledge. As the study of science progressed, the parochialism of the 

 medieval scholastic tradition gave way to a new universalism that fos- 

 tered among scientists both a new spirit of freedom of inquiry and a 

 spirit of internationalism. Taught by their profession to think in cos- 

 mic dimensions, scientists seemed better able to view the jDursuit and 

 accumulation of knowledge as a task of all men in all lands without 

 the restraining influence of nationalism or national boundaries. Tycho 

 Brahe, the Danish astronomer, well expressed these sentiments in 1597 

 when he said of the independence and universal outlook of the scien- 



'= See The Evolution of International Technology, an earlier study In the present series 

 hy Dr. Franklin P. HiKklle, for an overview of this siibjpft. (U.S. Conpress. Hnnse, Onni- 

 mlttpp on Foreijrn AtValrs. The Evolution, of International Technology, in the series, 

 Science. Teohnolopy, and American Diplomacy, prepared for the Subcommittee on Na- 

 tional Security PoUcy and Scientific Developments, by Dr. Franl^lln P. Huddle. Senior 

 Specialist In Science and Technology, Science Policy Division, Congressional Research 

 Service, Library of Congress, 1970, 70 ijp- (See vol. II, pp. 607-680.) 



