1083 



Study of Aging and Human Development at Duke University, 

 observed : 



Thus the prosent era is characterized by a sustained high level of immigra- 

 tion — between 350,000 and 400,000 a year, a relatively high proportion of which 

 are professional and technical workers. The most vmique characteristic of this 

 period, however, is the high level of immigration from Asia and the high quality 

 of immigrants from that region. 



Although in absolute numbers immigration from Africa reuyiins small, its 

 relative increase has been substantial, and its quality high. . . . more" than 

 one-fourth of Asian immigrants and more than one-third of African immigrants 

 are profes.sional workers, compared with less than one-tenth for other regions. 

 ... of the nine countries sending more than one thousand immigrants in the 

 professional category, two-thirds are developing countries.^'' 



Thus, professionals have become increasingly mobile, notably from 

 the LDCs, Avhile the common laborer has been increasingly reduced to 

 immobility. As the U.N. brain drain study described human mobility 

 in the postwar era, "the new migration is no longer characterized by 

 the movement of talented persons as isolated individuals, but as a 

 steadil}' increasing flow of highly trained persons." ^^^ 



Brain Drain Flows to Western Europe 



Chief responsibility for the brain drain had been placed solely upon 

 the United States in the mid-1960's. Further studies revealed, how- 

 ever, new evidence that suggests what Nuri Eren, Turkey's deputy 

 ambassador to the United Nations, termed, "universal culpability." 

 All the great industrial powers of the West were shown to have been 

 acting as centers of attraction for scientists, engineers, doctors, and 

 other PTKs — not only the United States but Great Britain, France, 

 Germany, Canada, and Australia.^" In varying degrees these coun- 

 tries were the principal gainers in the brain drain, while such LDCs 

 as India, Iran, Turkey, Pakistan, Philippine Islands, Taiwan, Korea, 

 Columbia, and Argentina were prominent losers."* Thus the LDCs 

 paid part of the price for manpower benefits accrued to the expanding 

 industrial societies of the world. 



MOVEMENT TO BRITAIN 



Britain's former imperial connections acted as a conduit for the in- 

 flow of large-scale immigration from the Commonwealth."^ Brain 

 drain losses sufi^ered by the departure of Britisli professionals to 

 North America were thus largely recouped by this counterflow from 

 the former Asian and African colonies. According to an official British 

 report, Britain lost 47,000 professionals during 1965, but 42,000 of 

 these members of the managerial, professional, administrative, and 

 technical elite were replaced from inflows elsewhere."^ In 1967, the 



^'1 .TiKiitli Fortney, "Immlsrant Professionals — ^A Brief Hlstoricil Survey." International 

 MUjrnlioii Review, v. 6 (Spring 1972), p. 57. The data above are taken from this article, 

 pp. ."0-0.3. 



"= Reiort of U.N. Secretary General, Outflorc of Trained Personnel from LDCs, Nov. 5, 

 lOfiS. pp. 7-8. 



"3 Eren. op. clt., p. 10. 



"* CIMT study, pp. 671-672. Dr. Adams divided brain drain countries in four categories. 

 Advanced countries witii a large net Inflow (U..S. and Australia) ; advanced countries 

 with a large net inflow (United Kingdom and Canada) ; advanced countries with a large 

 net outflow (Norway, Netherlands and Switzerland) ; and LDCs with a large net outflow 

 ((;rpp;p. Iran, Turkey, Taiwan, Korea, India and several others.) Adams, "Talent That 

 Wont Stay Put," pp. 69-70. 



"'.Johnson, op. clt., pp. 71-72. 



=" Hearings, Senate Judiciary Committee, International Migration of Talent and Skills, 

 1907, p. 75. 



