1157 



men. And these communities enabled the most isolated professional in 

 the LDCs to know and to move wherever opportunities beckoned. 



A "common market" for brainpower developed, transcending na- 

 tional boundaries. Improved transportation and communication, the 

 global flow and accessibility of market information, increased indi- 

 vidual mobility, the universalizing of knowledge, standardizing of 

 professional training, and rationalizing of the mechanism for allocat- 

 ing talent — all interacted to aid the "pull" forces in the international 

 movement of brains and talent. 



A SUMMIXG UP OF ECONOMIC "pULL" FORCES 



Realities of American economic strength have been a compelling 

 force in pulling the disadvantaged scientist, technologist, and physi- 

 cian into the path of immigration. Promise of continued economic 

 growth as the world's greatest industrial power, evidence of a con- 

 tinued Government commitment to R. & D., and undersupply of pro- 

 fessional manpower created a natural attraction. High salaries, career 

 opportunities, and prospects for improved present and future living 

 standards added vital economic incentives. The revolution in com- 

 munications, like a "want ad" in a local newspaper, brought these 

 opportunities to the attention of professionals in the most remote parts 

 of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. With the conveniences and cheap- 

 ness of modern transportation, they could come, and did come, to 

 America. 



Cultural and Intellectual '"''PulV Forces in Brain Drain 



An advanced scientific-technological civilization in the West is a 

 powerful cultural and intellectual force attracting skilled manpower 

 into migration. This is especially true of the United States, the center 

 of scientific and technological power in the world today. 



U.S. DRAWING POWER AS A "CENTER OF EXCELLENCE" 



The United States is a "center of excellence," a term used by stu- 

 dents of brain drain to define ideal conditions for scientific develop- 

 ment. All components of these conditions that are lacking in the LDCs 

 and often wanting in many advanced countries of the West are amply 

 supplied in the United States: economic resources and research sup- 

 port ; universities and scientific institutions ; laboratories and experi- 

 mental centers ; great teachers ; a communication network connecting 

 all professional organizations into a composite grid; a cooperative 

 spirit among the scientific institutions, industry and government — in 

 brief, the total infrastructure for the development of science and 

 technology. 



Matching these practical assets in importance is the all-pervading 

 scientific spirit in this country that places a high value on science and 

 technology and assigns their development a top-ranking priority in the 

 Nation's hierarchy of goals. This spirit of scientism is responsible for 

 creating the organizational structure of science in the United States 

 and it has fostered an intellectual atmosphere that favors experimenta- 

 tion and innovation. Americans accept science and technology as a 



