1249 



XTnited States revealed that one-third wanted to return home. Many 

 British scientists and engineers were also anxious to return. Accord- 

 ing to J. Michael Lock, scientific counselor at the British Embassy, 

 -about 300 to 400 were seeking jobs in Britain each year. Both England 

 and West Germany instituted programs to retrieve their lost pro- 

 fessionals.*'^^ 



West Germany's Der Spiegel reported in 1970 that the brain drain 

 process ". . . was not an irreversbile one. The scientists are returning 

 home." Triumphant tones have been heard in a number of West 

 German institutes : "They are all coming back now." "By no means 

 all of them," reported Der Spiegel. "But hundreds are." And it con- 

 cluded : "The great exodus is now moving from West to East." ^-^ 



Unique in this exodus eastward are the many thousands of highly 

 -skilled American technicians and scientists who immigrated to Israel 

 after the Six Day War of 1967. The figure 3,000 is given. Little noticed, 

 this pool of technological talent, according to Peter Grose of The Neio 

 York Times ^ "is quietly emerging as one of Israel's most important 

 national assets for developing the country's long-range potential." ^^^ 



A 1973 study by the Carnegie Commission on Higher Education 

 •confirmed earlier evidence of brain drain reversal. The inflow has been 

 arrested, the study reported, and a reversal appeared to be underway. 

 A recent survey found, for example, that 5 to 10 percent of the new 

 doctors of science and engineering, most of whom were foreign stu- 

 dents, planned to work in a foreign country." A great number of 

 Ph. D.s have emigrated from the United States to Canada. Teachers 

 have also been emigrating to West Germany and Australia.*'-^ 



How the downturn and reversal of brain drain affects scientists 

 and engineers of the LDCs cannot be determined and thus can only 

 be a matter of conjecture. Existing "push" factors at home would con- 

 tinue to discourage returnees from the United States. There may be 

 ■exceptions, as in the case of Argentina where improved working con- 

 ditions have attracted some returnees. According to physicist Carlos 

 Mailman, President of the Bariloche Foundation, a state-supported 

 research center in Argentina, "We have more applications from Ar- 

 gentines working abroad than we can fill.^^° 



Changing market conditions in U.S. manpower supply may now 

 ■deter initial immigration of scientists and engineers from the LDCs. 

 Restrictions on immigrating scientists and engineers have been tight- 

 ened. They are now required to get Department of Labor certification 

 before immigrant status is granted. Under recent revisions of regula- 



«-' "Bringing Back the Brains to Britain," Anglo Americnn Trade News (January 1970), 



«!" "Why the U.S. is Losing Its Brains : Close-Up of a New Phenomenon, the Reverse 

 Braln-Drain." Der Spiegel, translated and reproduced in, Atlas, Jan. 20, 1971, pp. 34-36. 

 For a discussion of the flow of brains back to Europe and the European job market, see, 

 Clyde H. Farnsworth, "Europe's Technicians in a Job Scramble," The New York Times, 

 Mar. 13. 1973, p. 1 „ „ ,_ „o 



«2« Peter Grose, "Israel Attracting U.S. Scientific Talent," The New York Times, Feb. 28, 



1972, p. 2. 



«» "Carnegie Studv Sees Brain Drain Shift Away from U.S.," Science &. Government 

 i?epor« (Apr. 15, 1973). 



"30 Dr. ]Mallmann continued : "Those who come here are attracted by working conditions. 

 The income maximizers still go abroad, but it is .iust as well that they do." See. Lewis H. 

 Diuffuid, "Research Foundation Reverses Brain-Drain," The Washington Post, Apr. 12, 



1973, p. K2. 



