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Lack of internal communications is a serious deficiency.^^^ Yet little 

 effort and minimal funds would be required to build such a network. 

 Devices like visiting lectureships, exchanges of professors, seminars, 

 workshops, and conferences could serve the same useful purpose of 

 communications within the LDCs as they do in the United States and 

 other advanced countries of the West.^^^ 



Important in developing a scientific-technical infrastructure in the 

 LDCs is the need to establish a network of communications between 

 the LDCs and the advanced countries of the world. Moravcsik sug- 

 gests various institutional devices to accomplish this end, such as, 

 staging intei-national scientific conferences ; creating a system of visit- 

 ing lectureships ; arranging for exchanges of professors and research 

 scientists; developing cooperative research projects on a university- 

 to-university basis; creating bi-lateral ties between groups of scien- 

 tists \vorking on subjects of common interest ; establishing a registry 

 of scientists for assignments in the LDCs: and setting up a system 

 of exchange of books, periodical literature, preprints, and other 

 printed professional material,^^^ 



An international network of communications can minimize one of 

 the most compelling "push" factors in brain drain, namely, intel- 

 lectual isolation. Through this network, indigenous science in the 

 LDCs can be nourished and strengthened by the inflow of fresh ideas, 

 and stimulated by debate and analysis of new ideas. Possibilities can 

 be increased for building prestige by contacts with the great teachers 

 and universities of the advanced countries through exchanges and 

 programs of visiting professors and by use of advanced scientific 

 research facilities. Morale can be heightened as returning scholars, 

 no^y more respected for their higher learning, impart their knowledge 

 to interested students and even develop "schools" within their own 

 academic realm. Visits by eminent Western scientists to these develop- 

 ing scientific institutions can add further to the accumuating prestige 

 of institutions having working ties with their counterparts in the 

 advanced countries. Thus fortified, developing indigenous science 

 can offer an alternative to the potential brain drainee who may be 

 lured into emigration by offers from abroad or the nonreturnee who 

 finds greater prospects in a foreign country.^^^ 



!!!-yo''^7«sik "Communication in the Worldwide Scientific Community," p. 3. 

 ^_ "■ At tlie AU-Science Palvistan Conference In 1973. Professor Moravcsik observed : 

 . . . in many countries even the internal lines of scientific communication are weak, 

 ims is perhaps a peculiar thing to say at a meeting whose aim Is exactly to bring together 

 all the scientists in Pakistan and hence to strengthen the links of internal communication. 

 But apart from such illustrious but rare occasions, how often does it happen that a chemist, 

 say, froni Islam.ibad gives a lecture to the chemistry professors and .students at the Uni- 

 versity of Karachi ? Or how much of an opportunity is there for somebody at the Unlversitv 

 of Hyderabad Sindh to hear In person a researcher from PINSTECH to describe his work"' 

 I hope you can prove me wrong, but from what I have seen In many other countries in 

 the world I would guess that the extent of such internal communication channels in 

 Pakistan Is probably slight, although it would require only a little work and rather minimal 

 funds to develop them. ' (Ibid., p. 3.) 



"3 Professor Moravcsik discusses these devices of communication In most of his writings 

 particularly In, "Communication Among Scientists and Its Implications to Developing 

 Countries," and "How to Help With Modest Resources?" 



•«» Moravcsik discusses certain aspects of the effects of connections with the advanced 

 countries in, "Technical Assistance and Fundamental Research in Underdeveloped Coun- 

 tries," pp. 207-20'J. 



