1399 



technological level of its industry."^ A summary of the eight articles 

 -of the agreement is as follows : 



1. Mutual pledge of scientific and technical cooperation for 

 "mutual benefit, equality, and reciprocity." 



2. Objective: combine efforts of "their scientists and special- 

 ists" in solving major problems to benefit scientific and tech- 

 nological progress, both countries, and mankind. 



3. Scope of the agreement to encompass: 



— Exchanges of scientists and specialists; 

 — Exchanges of scientific information; 

 —-Joint programs of basic and applied science; 

 — Institutional research cooperation; 

 — Joint conferences and courses ; 

 — Help in establishing commercial contacts ; and 

 — Other forms of scientific cooperation as maj^ be mutually 

 agreed, 



4. Facilitate institutional and commercial contacts and co- 

 operation pursuant to law. 



5. Costs of each participating country borne by that country. 



6. Not to preclude other scientific and technological agreements. 



7. "For the implementation of this Agreement there shall be 

 established a U.S.-U.S.S.R. Joint Commission on Scientific 

 Cooperation. Meetings will be convened not less than once a 

 year in Washington and Moscow, alternately." The Commission 

 to develop a program of cooperation, assign implementing re- 

 sponsibilities, and create subordinate working bodies. Respective 

 executive agents and organizational details specified. 



8. Consultation and program changes between meetings 

 provided for. 



The first meeting of the Joint Commission was held in Washington 

 March 19-21, 1973. It reviewed results of supplementary agreements 

 (1) "On Exchanges and Cooperation in the Fields of Science, Tech- 

 nology, Education, Culture, and Other Areas" for 1972-1973, signed 

 April 11, 1972; (2) "Between the U.S. National Academy of Science 

 and the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences" for 1972-1973, signed April 11, 

 1972; (3) "Between the American Council of Learned Societies and 

 the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences" for 1972-1973, signed April 11, 

 1972; and (4) "the Memorandum on Cooperation in the Peaceful 

 Uses of Atomic Energy between the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission 

 and the U.S.S.R. State Committee on the Utilization of Atomic 

 Energy for 1972-1973," signed September 28, 1972. 



It was also noted that in July 1972, six areas of mutual interest had 

 been identified for the program: energy research and development, 

 application of computers to management, agricultural research, 

 water resources, chemical catalysis, and "production of substances 

 employing microbiological means" (i.e., technological uses of mi- 

 crobes). During the rest of 1972, six joint U.S.-U.S.S.R. working 

 groups developed and reported substantial papers outlining proposed 

 research, development, and organizational plans in these six areas. 



An assessment of the U.S.-U.S.S.R. bilateral program was under- 

 taken by the General Accounting Office during 1974. Results of the 



"'• On this last element, see U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S.-Soviet Commercial 

 Relations: The Interplay of Economics, Technology Transfer, and Diplomacy, in the series Science, Technology, 

 and American Diplomacy, prepared by John P. Hardt, Senior Specialist in Soviet Economics and George D. 

 HoUiday, Research Analyst in Economics, Economics Division, Congressional Research Service, Library of 

 Congress, June 1973. See vol. I, pp. 525-606. 



