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for broad public education, a strong national health program, training 

 in entrepreneurial and managerial skills, sophistication in the han- 

 dling of industrial machinery, a national standards laboratory, and 

 many other basic institutions. Rail and highway networks are of great 

 importance to miify a national market and to open up the hinterland 

 to the global network of ocean freight. 



Of course, as a practical matter, the infrastructure contains a host 

 of other ingredients, such as the abundance of teclinological artifacts 

 for youth to experiment with, the level of technology in the home 

 with reference to such features as the American "do-it-yourself^ 

 craze, the wide availability of popular science literature, the American 

 consciousness of the importance of the worker-manager and worker- 

 company relationship, the speed with which technology finds its way 

 into toys and recreational hardware, the institution of the "science 

 fair," and many more. 



There are many ways in which diplomacy and technological mf ra- 

 structure are related : in the formulation of plans with or for develop- 

 ing countries for aiding them to build their own infrastructure, in 

 dealing with developed coimtries on issues of comparative excellence 

 and competition in infrastructure-building, in exchange of informa- 

 tion on measurement of aspects of infrastructure, and in resolving 

 conflicts in foreign trade resulting from differential costs based on 

 different levels of infrastructure, and so on. 

 Interactions of Technology with Diplomacy 



The uses of teclinology have involved or affected relations between 

 nations m many ways. The essence of technolog}^ is power : to increase 

 the production of some manufactured good, to contrive some military 

 weapon of surpassing potency or effectiveness, to perform some so- 

 cially necessary or desired function, to demonstrate some demanding 

 feat of skill, to secure resources and convert them into artifacts that 

 modify the human environment in purposeful ways. The relations 

 between nation states constitute an endless bargaining process in which 

 the currency is power. A nation that consciously and dynamically lays 

 the gromidwork for technological advance, encourages teclinological 

 skills, rewards innovation, and systematically increases the variety, 

 depth, sophistication, and universality of its tcchnolog;^', is in a stronger 

 bargaining position than a nation that does not. Technology' increases 

 the range of options open to a nation in its internal affairs and in 

 its alternatives abroad. Selection and negotiation of courses to support 

 foreign policy, which is the task of diplomacy, is broadened, strength- 

 ened, and often made more flexible, by the achievements of tecluiology. 



On the other hand, not all the outcomes of technology are equally 

 felicitous. A nation achieving a relatively high level of teclinological 

 power may have the effect of encouraging other nations to combine 

 forces to reduce its bargaining power. A nation generous with its tech- 

 nological innovations (for example), the British in 1825-1850 or so, 

 with their export of railroad locomotives and rolling stock) may com- 

 bme benefits in one industry with injury to another. (In the British 

 case, the effect was to stimulate tomiage impoits of agricultural 

 products from the United States to the disadvantage of British farm- 

 ers). Even if a nation bends every effort to achieve technological 

 superiority, its lead over competitor nations will be only marginal at 

 best because other nations will quickly duplicate its successes without 



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