646 



Science and engineering, he notes, ". . . which are normally thought 

 to be the backbone of technology, actually represent only one-sixth 

 of the process." ^^ 



W. Arthur Lewis suggests that in any specific case systematic 

 analysis is required to determine which elements of infrastructure are 

 needed, should be accorded priority, .and should be related to other 

 elements of growth of a national economy/* 



Infrastructure requirements deemed necessary by U.S. industrial 

 managers, according to a recent United Nations survey, are listed in 

 descending order as follows : 



1. Availability of labour 



2. Convenience of markets 



3. Availability of property 



4. Costs of labour 



5. Availability of raw materials 



6. Degree of unionization 



7. Co-operativeness of local area 



8. Location of management 



9. Suitability of climate 



10. Costs of transportation 



11. Adequacy of power 



12. Location of industry centre 



13. Adequacy of transportation 



14. Decentralization of operation 



15. Favourability of tax structure 



16. Extent of financial aid. 



It is to be not^d that this list suggests the relative importance of 

 trained labor as the paramount ingredient of the infrastructure. 



EDUCATION AND TRAINING 



In his study, Lewis suggests a quantitative relationship between 

 education and such other elements of development as agricultural and 

 industrial occupations. He suggests as a rough approximation the 

 following table: 



TABLE 2.— SUGGESTED REQUIRED LEVELS OF SCHOOL ENROLLMENT 



'^ Martin Golaiwl. "What Makes Technology Run?" In House. Committee on Science and 

 Astronautics. "Applied Science and World Economy." A Compilation of Papers. . . . 

 Op. cit., pages 87-8. 



''^W. Arthur Lewis. "Development Planning: The Essentials of Economic Policy." (New 

 York, Harper and Row, Publishers, 1966) , pages 97-8, and generally 97-111. 



