648 



malaria, yellow fever and tuberculosis — or by vaccmation — which has nearly 

 eliminated smallpox, diphtheria and poliomyelitis. One dan see this by comparing 

 statistics for developed and underdeveloped countries. The death rate is now 

 about the same in Jamaica as in the United States.*" 



POWER 



Three interlocked networks of technology provide an indispensable 

 underpinning for all raw material supply, transfer of materials and 

 products, manufacturing, and marketing. These are the networks of 

 power, transportation, and communications. With respect to power — 



It was the accessibility of fossil fuels and metallic ores in Britain, Europe, 

 North America and the USSR which, first with the steam-engine and later with 

 the oil-engine, gave countries there the impetus of industrialization which now 

 rates them as "highly developed." Countries which, during the nineteenth cen- 

 tury and the first half of this century, had not accessible energy resources and 

 contiguous minerals of this kind could not have comi^irable industries and, what- 

 ever their innate capacities, remained the suppliers of raw materials and food for 

 the factories and workers of the geologically favored nations.*' 



A recent Congressional report describes the impact of energy on 

 transportation and production technology in these terms: 



Today human labor provides energy for far less than 1 percent of the work 

 performed in factories, refineries, and mills in the production of their products. 

 Literally, our economy and our way of life could not continue without use of vast 

 amounts of energy. 



One measure of this situation is the increase in the total power for all engines, 

 turbines and work animals over the past 3 decades. [There has been an] 

 increase from 2.7 billion horsepower available in the United States in 1940 to 

 17.9 billion in 1968. Of this, engines in trucks, buses, and automobiles accounted 

 for by far the largest part, increasing from 2.5 billion horsepower in 1940 to 16.9 

 billion horsepower in 1968. Over the same period, the power of ejectric gen- 

 erating stations increased from 53 million horseixjwer to 371 million horse- 

 power.*^ 



Characteristically, developmg countries are deficient in electric power 

 and also in fuel for either electric or steam power. 



83 



TRANSPORTATION 



Transportation facilities are of similar importance. In the words 

 of Hilaire Bellpc, "A road system, once established, develops at its 

 points of concentration tJie nerve centers of the society it serves ; and 

 we remark that the rise and decline of a state are better measured by 

 the condition of its communications — that is, of its roads — than by 

 any other criterion." ^* 



A geographic analysis of transportation stresses that good trans- 

 portation ". . . permits the development of regional specialization 

 in production." 



Unless goods could be readily moved from places of excess to regions of 

 deficiency, each region would be compelled to produce all the kinds of things 



* Lewis. "Development Planning: The Essentials of Economic Policy." Op. cit., page 111. 



^ United Nations. "Science and Technology for Development. Volume I. World of Oppor- 

 tunity." Op. eit., page 10. 



^ U.S. Congress. Joint Economic Committee. "The Economy, Energy, and the Environ- 

 ment." A Background Study prepared for the use of the ... By the Environmental Policy 

 Division, Legislative Reference Service, Library of Congress, September 1, 1970. 91s"t 

 Congress, 2d session. (Washington U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970), page 1. [Joint 

 Committee Print.] 



83 United Nations. "Science and Technology for Development. Volume I. World of Oppor- 

 tunity." Op. cit., page 82. 



^ Hilaire Belloc. "The Road." (New York, Harper and Brothers, 1925), Introduction. 



