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limited in scope and for limited objectives. Nuclear missiles have 

 demonstrated their negative value to assure inaction ; but they do not 

 appear useful as a means of positive action. Nevertheless, a long chain 

 of diplomatic exchanges have resulted from this ultimate weapon. For 

 example: 



A considerable amount of the business of the United Nations 

 has been concerned with nuclear disarmament, nuclear limitation, 

 and arrangements for the regulation of atomic power operations. 

 A lively dialogue has continued between the United States and 

 the Soviet Union to develop international understanding as to the 

 limits of military commitment short of nuclear confrontation. 

 The mutuality of interest in avoiding nuclear exchange, or for 

 that matter the serious threat of such an exchange, has led to an 

 increase in exchange of views and even to the provision of a tech- 

 nological mechanism (the "Hot Line") for emergency consulta- 

 tion between Chief Executives of the two powers. 



Worldwide surveillance has been established, in the form of 

 seismic and air-sampling detection systems, to detect nuclear 

 weapons tests. 



Nuclear-armed bases on the territories of a number of aligned 

 States have been negotiated for. 



Extensive negotiations have been undertaken toward the goal 

 of refusing the admission of nuclear weapons to entire continents 

 ( in particular, Africa and South America) . 



FACTORS OF SUB-NUCLEAR TECHXOLOGY 



Though strategic war has apparently been eliminated as a viable 

 instrument of policy, capabilities still exist in most States for the 

 conduct of limited, sub-nuclear war. Nuclear powers maintain these 

 capabilities to enlarge their power options, to influence the course of 

 combat among States where their interests are involved, and to stabi- 

 lize or otherwise atfect the military balance of strength among lesser 

 powers. Technology is also involved extensively in these activities in 

 ways that are of diplomatic concern. For example : 



— There is considerable agitation over the U.S. use of herbicide 

 tecluiology in Vietnam, and a more general concern as to what 

 kinds of technolog}^ ought to be foresworn by belligerents under 

 international law. 



— Extension of U.S. arms technolog}^ and even the development 

 of international technological standards of armaments to the 

 many participating countries have resulted from the various re- 

 gional treaties of mutual security (NATO. SEATO. OAS. etc.). 

 — Construction of large, expensive, air-defense networks has 

 occurred or is in process in many countries (emplo^'ing U.S. tech- 

 nologies for radar, computers, display tubes, and various sub- 

 systems of active defense) . 



— Various forms of U.S. military assistance have been provided 

 by negotiation, such as supply of combat aircraft, ground support 

 equipment, ordnance, and communications ; training arrangements 

 have also been provided in the use and maintenance of the equip- 

 ment, and in basic science and technology to understand its opera- 

 tion and design. 



— The deployment of U.S. troops abroad, and their use in asso- 

 ciation with indigenous troops or people has had the derivative 

 effect of being a teclmological training device. 



