CONTENTS 



Page 



List of Abbreviations 871 



I. Introduction 873 



Scope, Limitations, and Emphasis of the Study 874 



Information Sources Used in the Study 877 



The Pragmatic and Philosophical Basis of Scientific Exchange- _ 878 

 The Size and Variety of Overseas Activities of American Scien- 

 tists 879 



The Scope and Importance of Nongovernmental Scientific Ex- 

 change Programs 880 



The Multiple and Complex Purposes of Scientific Exchange 



Programs 883 



Political Goals 884 



National Security Objectives 884 



Economic Objectives 885 



Scientific and Technical Objectives 885 



Humanitarian Objectives 886 



Potential Conflicts Among Scientific, Political, and Personal 



Objectives 886 



II. The Fulbright-Hays Program for Senior-Level Exchanges 889 



Scope and Limitations of the Section 889 



The Foreign Policy Objectives of Educational and Cultural 



Exchange Programs 891 



Early Exchange Programs 891 



The Fulbright Program of Overseas Fellowships 892 



The Smith-Mundt Act of 1948 893 



Origins of the Fulbright-Hays Act : The Need To Improve Existing 



Programs To Meet Political and Practical Objectives 894 



How the Fulbright-Hays Program Oi)erates 896 



Assistance Provided by Public Advisory Bodies 897 



U.S. Advisory Commission on International Educational 



and Cultural Affairs 897 



Scope and Limitations of Scientific Exchanges in the Fulbright- 

 Hays Program 898 



Diflaculties of Finding Qualified Scientific Candidates To 



Serve in the Developing Countries 900 



The Discrepancy Between Foreign Policy and the Nature 



of Scientific Inquiry 903 



Administrative Obstacles to Fruitful Scientific Exchange 904 



Recommendations To Elevate the Status of Educational and 



Cultural Affairs in the Department of State 905 



Recommendations for Over.seas Educational Affairs Officers 905 



The Ambiguous Impacts of the Binational Commission 906 



Retrenchment in Fimding 908 



The Need To Maintain the Quality of American Grantees 911 



Other Recommendations 912 



Better Program Planning 912 



._ 913 



._ 913 



._ 913 



._ 914 



Better Information About Openings 



Tenure 



Science and Technology Exchange Apparatus- 

 Conclusion 



(867) 



