869 



IV. United States and Soviet-Eastern European Inter-Academy Scientific Page 



Exchanges ^82 



Introduction ^82 



Scope and Limitations 983. 



Tlie Dittlculties of Conducting Research on a Complex 



Program 987 



Unavailability of Consistent and Reliable Data 987 



The Need for Academy-to-Academy Exchanges 988 



The Need for Scientific Consultation in Establishing Agreements- 990 



Eastern European Programs 992 



Soviet-American Programs 990 



Genesis of Agreements : Poland and Yugoslavia 992 



Extension of the Program : Romania and Czecho- 

 slovakia 993 



Bulgaria 994 



Expansion of the Program : Yugoslavia and Romania — 994 



Funding and Size of the Programs 995 



Relatively High Cost of the Program 997 



Funding Problems 998 



United States-Soviet Programs : Numbers and Subjects of 



Exchanges 999 



Specirte Observations : Small Numbers of Exchanges and 



Problems in Filling Quotas in Exchanges 999 



Specific Observations : The Interest in the Hard Sciences 1001 



I'nited States and Eastern European Inter-Academy Programs : 



Numbers and Subjects of Exchange 1002 



The Impacts of Politics and Diplomacy on the Exchange Pro- 

 grams 1004 



Impacts of International Political Events on Soviet and 

 Eastern European Receptivity to the Conduct of Ex- 

 changes 1004 



Visa and Other Administrative Restrictions 1006 



Contributions of Soviet and Eastern European Exchanges to 



Science 1009 



Some Concluding Observations on Scientific Exchanges With 



Communist Countries 1012 



V. Scientific Exchanges With the People's Republic of China 1014 



Obstacles to Systematic Government-Sponsored Exchange 1015 



Moves Toward the Establishment of Regular Exchanges 1016 



VI. Issues Surrounding U.S. I'rosranis for Nongovernmental Scientific 



and Technical Personnel Abroad 1021 



Multiple Purposes of Programs 1022 



The Need To Meet the Requirements of Science 1022 



The Need To Meet the Recpiirements of Diplomacy 1023 



Issues Related To Fashioning a More Effective Scientific/Diplo- 

 matic Interface 1024 



Interagency Coordination 1024 



Obstacles to Interagency Coordination 1025 



The Bureau of International Scientific and Technological 



Affairs i026 



The Federal Council for Science and Technology 1027 



A Multilateral Alternative 1032 



TABLES 



1. American Civilians Sponsored by the U.S. Government for Activities 



Abroad, Total, and Scientific and Technical Personnel, Fiscal Year 

 1970 (Exclusive of the Peace Corps and Primarily Nonagency Per- 

 sonnel) 1 881 



2. Subject Distribution of Recommended Candidates, Programs Admin- 



istered by the Committee on the International Exchange of Persons, 



J 1961-62 and 1966-70 890 



3. Distribution of Recomi'iended Candidates by Discipline, Committee 



on the International Exchange of Persons 901 



