875 



serve such national objectives as defense, national security, or the 

 maintenance of U.S. installations abroad. Some give substance to 

 humanitarian objectives of U.S. foreign policy or foreign aid programs. 

 Others promote internationally sanctioned cooperative research 

 efforts. 



Through other arrangements, often bilateral, the U.S. Government 

 supports and funds overseas activities of nongovernmental scientific 

 and technical personnel. Limitations of time and space permit con- 

 sideration in this paper of programs of only three agencies: 



(1) The Department of State: 



The Senior Fulbright-Hays program, funded by the Bureau of 

 Educational and Cultural Affairs and administered by the Com- 

 mittee on the International Exchange of Persons of the Conference 

 Board of Associated Research Councils, National Academy of 

 Sciences-National Research Council, under the advisory super- 

 vision of the Board of Foreign Scholarships, U.S. Advisory 

 Commission on International Educational and Cultural Affairs, 

 and binational commissions. 



(2) National Science Foundation (NSF) : 



Programs administered by the Office of International Programs, 

 including bilateral science agreements with the countries of 

 Europe, Latin America and Asia, support of international travel 

 and international scientific meetings, and special foreign currency 

 projects; National Research Centers program; and awards tenable 

 abroad under NSF's research support and educational support 

 programs; and 



(3) National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council 

 (NAS-NRC): 



Bilateral inter- Academy agreements for scientific cooperation, 



which are part of Cultural Relations Agreements signed by the 



United States with the Soviet Union and with individual countries 



of Eastern Europe (Poland, Hungary, Romania, Czechoslovakia, 



Yugoslavia, and Bulgaria), funded by the Ofi&ce of International 



Programs, NSF, administered by the Soviet and Eastern European 



Exchange Staff, Office of the Foreign Secretary, NAS-NRC; and 



activities of the Committee on Scholarly Cormnunication with 



the People's Republic of China, afiiliated with the NAS-NRC, 



These programs represent a sampling of U.S. Government-sponsored 



activities for non-governmental scientists abroad and they were 



selected for inclusion because they are the largest, oldest, and most 



publicized, and have wide geographic distribution. Their different 



historical origins and administrative arrangements provide a fruitful 



basis on which to describe interactions of science and technolog}' with 



diplomacy and to compare interagency similarities and differences. 



The Fulbright-Hays program differs substantially in objective 

 from either the NSF or the NAS-NRC programs. This activity, 

 from its beginning in 1946, was designed explicitly to promote educa- 

 tional exchange and cultural understanding as purposeful objectives 

 of U.S. foreign policy. The origin and evolution of the program illus- 

 trate issues which arise in using science to serve foreign policy moti- 

 vated exchange programs and in using scientific exchange in a 

 binational cooperative program in which the concerns of science are 

 secondary to the objectives of cooperation. 



