884 



of complex motives behind international scientific and technological 

 affairs in recent testimony before the Congress : 



. . . The overall objective of the U.S. Government in international cooperation 

 in science and technology is first and foremost the advancement of our national 

 interests and the strengthening of our international relationships. Behind all 

 scientific cooperation ... is the desire to advance science and to acquire and 

 diffuse knowledge. Without this, the cooperation can have little, if any, other 

 value. In addition, however, such cooperation is often inspired or motivated by 

 humanitarian considerations. ^^ 



POLITICAL GOALS 



Political goals, according to Pollack, are fundamental to all inter- 

 national scientific programs since they directly impact upon the 

 initiation, conduct, and achievements of international science ac- 

 tivities. Testifying in another hearing, Pollack noted the importance 

 of insulating international scientific relationships from "... transi- 

 tory political considerations . . .." But he warned that: 



. . . We have not emphasized nearly enough the importance of obtaining the 

 political agreement which will be the necessary precedent to the multilateral 

 undertaking of major scientific and technological ventures. . . . 



The advancement of national security and strengthening of in- 

 ternational relationships, according to Pollack, should be an "oper- 

 ating premise by all who are interested in enlarging governmental 

 support for international scientific cooperation." '^ 



Specific political objectives of international scientific programs 

 would include: 



a. To promote understanding and to dispel mistrust by exchange of persons and 

 information. The principal underlaying impetus to the enlargement of cooperative 

 scientific relations and exchanges Avith the Soviet Union originated in our desire to 

 open up a closed Soviet society, to establish mutual understanding which might 

 lessen dangerous tensions, and to signal a move toward improved political relations; 



b. To work together in a non-controversial area to provide a basis for cooperation in 

 more difficult fields (e.g. the U.S. cooperative programs with Japan and France) ; 



c. To develop friendship and trust among a highly important segment of the popula- 

 tion, whose role in government will become increasingly significant (e.g. bilateral 

 programs). Foreign relations considerations are important components of the 

 current attempts to expand cooperative efforts with Romania and Yugoslavia. 

 President Nixon in his recent visits has made apparent his hopes to achieve closer 

 relations with these countries ... 



d. To strengthen political stability of developing countries by improving economic 

 and social conditions through science and technology (e.g. development of Korean 

 Institute of Science and Technology with U.S. assistance) ; and 



e. To reduce tensions and rivalries between countries by utilizing science and 

 technology for common goals and mutual benefit (e.g. U.S.-Mexico Desalination 

 Cooperation). '< 



NATIONAL SECURITY OBJECTIVES 



National security objectives also motivate some international science 

 and technology programs. They include : 



a. To prevent developments believed inimical to national security (e.g., cooperation 

 in gaseous diffusion technology) ; 



b. To encourage actions in our long-range national interests (e.g., post-Apollo 

 Space Program) ; 



12 Statement of Herman Pollack. In: U.S., Congress, House, Committee on Science and Astronautics- 

 Subcommittee on International Cooperation in Science and Space A General Review of International Coop- 

 eration in Science and Space: Hearings, 92d Cong., 1st sess.. May 1971, p. 2. 



13 U.S., Congress, House, Committee on Science and Astronautics, Panel on Science and Technology; 

 Twelfth Meeting: International Science Policy: Proceedings, January 1971, p. 346. 



HA General Review of International Cooperation in Science and Space: Hearings, op. cit., p. 3, 4,71. (Em- 

 phasis added). 



