885 



c. To delay or prevent access by unfriendly nations to strategic materials or informa- 

 tion; and 



d. To provide for mutual security by devising reliable methods for ensuring compli- 

 ance with treaty obligations (e.g., international nuclear safeguards) . 



ECONOMIC OBJECTIVES 



Closely related to political and national security objectives are 

 economic objectives — to lower the costs of research, enhance op- 

 portunities for fruitful research, and open up new markets. Drawing 

 upon a report recently completed by the International Committee 

 of the Federal Council for Science and Technology, Pollack enumerated 

 these specific direct and indirect economic benefits of international 

 specific cooperation: 



. . . Instances of direct economic benefit [include]: sharing with other nations 

 the costs of essential research; the incorporation into key U.S. research programs 

 of instrumentation, techniques, and essential data generated in programs sup- 

 ported by other nations; and the opportunities for U.S. scientists to utilize unique 

 research facihties — ranging from oceanographic research vessels to special col- 

 lections of biological materials. . . . 



. . . Examples of indirect economic benefits [include]: the new markets for 

 U.S. -manufactured scientific instruments . . . , the adoption by U.S. producers 

 of economically important new technologies developed abroad and brought to 

 our attention as a result of cooperative programs , . . [and] the ability to avoid 

 unproductive, and expensive, directions ... in our research planning on the 

 basis of results coming to us through international cooperation. ^^ 



SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL OBJECTIVES 



Foreign and international science have become increasingly im- 

 portant in recent years — both for their intrinsic merits, and as 

 tools of foreign policy. Dr. Edward E. David Jr., President Nixon's 

 Science Adviser, in testimony before the Subcommittee on Interna- 

 tional Cooperation in Science and Space, House Committee on Science 

 and Astronautics, described the President's emphasis on expanding 

 joint research and development activities to solve global problems 

 and to capitaUze on cooperative opportunities presented by science 

 and technology: 



The problems — and the opportunities — created by science and technology 

 dominate an increasing share of our international activ ity. The problems we can 

 no longer ignore, and can solve only through international cooperation. The 

 opportunities we . . . can realize only through international cooperation. 

 Taken together, these challenges constitute the new dimension of our foreign 

 policy and of international life.'^ 



President Nixon reemphasized the need for greater international 

 scientific exchange in his March 1972 message to the Congress on 

 "Enlarging Cooperative International Efforts in Science and 

 Technology" : 



The cause of scientific and technological progress has always been advanced 

 when men have been able to reach across international boundaries in common 

 pursuits. Toward this end, we must now work to facilitate the flow of people and 

 the exchange of ideas, and to recognize that the basic problems faced in each 

 nation are shared by every nation. 



. . . This Nation can benefit substantially from the experience of other coun- 

 tries, even as we help other countries by sharing our information and facilities 

 and specialists with them." 



>' International Science Policy, Proceedings, op. cit., p. 347. 



" A General Review of International Cooperation in Science and Space: Hearings, op. cit., p. 130. 



" "Enlarging Cooperative International Efforts in Science and Technology," Message from President 

 Nixon to the Congress (Excerpts), In Department of State Bulletin (April 10, 1972), p. 548. (Transmitted on 

 March 16, White House press release; also printed as H. Doc. 92-193, 92d Cong., 2d sess.) 



